120 



MALKUS 



[chap. 4 



00 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 160 140 120 100 



40- 



00 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 160 160 140 120 100 



Fig. 10. Mean annual distribution of the radiation balance, B, of the sea surface. (After 

 Budyko, 1956, Fig. 20.) 



We see from Fig. 10 that the radiation balance of the ocean surface is every- 

 where positive, that is to say on a yearly average the oceans at all latitudes 

 gain considerably more heat by radiation than they lose. The surplus goes into 

 the atmosphere by evaporation and turbulent-heat transfer and into ocean 

 transport (storage in the oceans is negligible on an annual basis). The radiation 

 balance is of the same order of magnitude as Qe (compare Figs. 7 and 10) but 

 shows a much more regular zonal pattern. 



It is now possible to use Figs. 7, 8 and 10 to complete the annual heat balance 

 of the ocean surface from ( 1 ) by computing the yearly average distribution of 

 Qvo (oceanic heat-flux divergence) as residual at each grid point. The result 



Fig. 11. Mean annual distribution of the oceanic heat -flux divergence, (?,.o, computed 

 residually from equation (1). (After Budyko, 1956, Fig. 26.) 



