124 MALKUS [chap. 4 



integrated Budyko's figures in Table VI and Fig. 11 (all world oceans) to 

 obtain the fluxes in the first column on the right in Table I (entitled "Sea"), 

 under the boundary condition that the fluxes vanish in the polar regions of the 

 Northern Hemisphere. A check is provided in that the necessity for their 

 vanishing also near the South Pole is automatically met. Rather remarkable, 

 and significant if true, is the large resulting southward heat flux carried by the 

 oceans across the equator. 



Bryan and Webster (1960) have performed the integration from Fig. 11 

 separately for each ocean basin in the Northern Hemisphere, using a similar 

 boundary condition. Their results are shown by the solid curves in Fig. 12. 

 Since the Indian Ocean was found to contribute negligibly, the bottom solid 

 curve may be regarded equally well as the deduction for all Northern Hemi- 

 sphere oceans (cf. Table I) or the contribution of Atlantic and Pacific together. 

 The dashed curves in Fig. 12 show a similar integration performed by Sverdrup 

 (1957) of his own Qvo figures. Without Southern Hemisphere data, he was beset 

 by less certainty in boundary conditions. He assumed a small northward heat 

 flux across the equator in the Atlantic from direct oceanographic measure- 

 ments. The agreement here (top curves. Fig. 12) with the deduction from 

 Budyko's figures is excellent. In the Pacific, Sverdrup assumed the cross- 

 equator heat fiow to be zero for want of better information. The enormous 

 departure (middle curves in Fig. 12) from Budyko's Pacific curve is by no means 

 attributable solely to the boundary assumption, but depends also on the 

 significant discrepancies in Qio (Table VII). 



Thus, while the crux of these deductions rests upon the reliability of the 

 radiation evaluations, whose difliculties (particularly in the relatively un- 

 explored Southern Hemisphere) presently preclude any firm conclusions. 

 Fig. 12 stands as a framework to suggest critical measurements to be made. 

 Both authors are in excellent agreement in the Atlantic where data is be- 

 coming plentiful, while the predicted large southward cross-equator flow is 

 confined entirely to the Pacific, whose equatorial regions are experiencing 

 oceanographic exploration. Bryan and Webster (1960) have offered independent 

 dynamic and chemical evidence to support the reality of this feature ; its 

 further confirmation or rejection would form not only an important corner- 

 stone in oceanography but a significant test of the overall usefulness and 

 reliability of both Budyko's figures and this type of budget approach to plane- 

 tary energetics. In any case, the possibility that ocean currents play so large a 

 role in poleward heat transport is of sufficient consequence to meteorology to 

 warrant its vigorous investigation. 



We conclude our discussion of the oceans' heat budget with an analysis of 

 the results in Table VI. Important deductions concerning atmosphere-ocean 

 energetics and dynamics may be drawn from this Table. The total radiation, 

 increasing regularly from high to low latitudes, has its maximum not on the 

 equator but in the belts of high pressure near the 20° latitudes. The equatorial 

 minimum is apparently explained by the considerable increase in cloudiness at 

 the equator, so that we see here an example of circulation features regulating 



