128 



MALKUS 



[chap. 4 



those shown in The Oceans (Sverdrup, Johnson and Fleming, 1942, p. 99, 

 table 24) using earlier radiation figures of Kimball (1930). 



In order to understand how the large-scale circulations of air and sea carry 

 out these fluxes, for the purpose of modelling circulation dynamics and energetics. 



kg col 

 cm^ yr 



Radiation Balonce of the Earth os o Planet 



— I 1 1 1 1 1 r 



90 

 N 



-\ 1 1 1 1 1 r 



Bagrov 



o o Houghton 



« ' » London 



Fig. 13. Heat-energy balance components of air and sea together. (After Budyko, 1956, 

 Fig. 70.) 



Mean annual values in kg cal cm-2 per year as functions of latitude. Radiation 

 balance Rg : dashed curve is determination by Bagrov (1954). Circles are values of Rg 

 after Houghton (1954) and crosses the values of London (1957). Qyo, oceanic heat-flux 

 divergence, from residual determination in equation (1). Qx,a^ atmospheric heat and 

 potential energy-flux divergence, found as residual in equation (25) after assessment 

 of L{E — P), latent heat-flux divergence, as described in text. Abscissa degrees 

 latitude. Southern Hemisphere on right. 



