.«?KflT. 2] LARfJE-SOAT.K INTKRACTIONS 137 



works tlie value of evaporation from tlie ocean usnally ranged ])etween limits 

 of 75-100 cm/year, the newest re^^ult sliows li:} cm/year. Since their total 

 computed run-off from rivers into oceans gives an added water layer of approxi- 

 mately 10 cm/year, the total precipitation over the oceans should be about 

 103 cm/year. This value is slightly smaller than the corresponding amounts 

 obtained by Meinardus (1934) from Schott's maps (114 cm/year) and that 

 calculated directly from the map of Drozdov (Fig. 14), which was 112 cm/year. 

 However, the difference between these new figures for precipitation and sum 

 of evaporation and run-off is only about 10%, or much smaller than the expecta- 

 tion of earlier workers (Wiist, 1936). Therefore, Budyko, in utilizing Drozdov's 

 results to complete the heat budgets of Figs. 13 and 15, reduced the integrated 

 precipitation values of Fig. 14 only slightly, multiplying by 0.913. 



Using this reduction factor, the evaporation figures presented in Fig. 7, and 

 the determination of continental run-off, Zubenok (1956) arrived at a water 

 budget for each ocean separately, reproduced in Table X. The next-to-last 



Table X 

 Average Annual Water Balance of the Oceans (after Zubenok, 1956) 



Average Gulf Stream transports 70 x 10^ na^/sec 



column, giving exchange of water with adjacent oceans, was computed as 

 residual to balance the annual budget of each ocean ; a minus sign denotes a 

 deficit which must be made up by inflow from adjoining basins. The Atlantic 

 and Indian Oceans receive, on the average for a year, a considerable amount of 

 water from the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. In the last column, we have made 

 the conversion of the exchanges into actual water volume, in units of 10^ m^/sec, 

 to compare with the transport by the Gulf Stream ; we see that the amount of 

 water running out of the Arctic Ocean is exactly equal to the amount that 

 flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Similar to this, the quantity of water that must 

 leave the Pacific Ocean is closely equal to the Indian Ocean's computed water 

 inflow. 



These estimates, derived from planetary water-budget considerations and 

 confirmed by their consistency with the heat budget, stand to guide more direct 

 oceanographic studies. They suggest critical measurements and serve to test 



