156 



[chap. 4 



With the results in Hnes 8, 9 and 10 of Table XT, equation (1) may now be 

 solved for the sum Q,c + Qs, the total sensible plus latent heat energy flux from 

 sea to air. Colon made the separation between these using a Bowen ratio of 

 10%, a good mean flgure for the trades (see Bunker, 1960; Riehl et al., 1951). 

 The final results for Qe and Qs from the energy budget method are given in the 

 last two lines of Table XI. The values of Qe so obtained range from 10.0 kg 

 cal cm-2 per month (333 cal cm-2 day-i) in November to 5.4 kg cal cm-2 per 

 month (174 cal cm-2 day-i) in August. The corresponding evaporation rates 

 are 0.58 cm day-i and 0.31 cm day-i, respectively, with an annual average of 

 161 cm per year. The seasonal march of all components of the sea-surface heat 

 balance are plotted together in Fig. 29a. Particularly notable is the strong effect 



kg cal 

 cm^ month 



(q) 



Fig, 



2 





 - 2 

 -4 



10 col/day 7 

 (Whole orea) g 



(b) 





kg col 



JFMAMJjaSOND 



J FMAMJ J ASOND 



29. Results of Caribbean study. (After Colon, 1960, Fig. 12.) 



(a) Seasonal march of sea-surface heat-balance components determined by energy- 

 budget method. Dominant components are radiation balance, R, and latent heat 

 flux, Qg. The storage term S becomes significant in midwinter and midsummer. 

 Sensible heat exchange, Qg, and oceanic heat flux divergence, Q^o, are small through- 

 out. Units: kg cal cm~2 per month. 



(b) Comparison of total exchange Qe + Qs (Bowen ratio assumed 10%) by energy- 

 budget method (solid curve) and transfer formulas (dashed curve). For area of whole 

 Caribbean ellipse (2.19 x 10^^ cm^) in lO^^ cal/day, left-hand ordinate ; for unit area of 

 sea surface in kg cal cm"'^ pgj. month, right-hand ordinate. Crosses are separate trans- 

 fer-formula evaluations of Qg + Qg from ship data for the months of the meteorological 

 study, namely December, 1956, and January, 1957. 



exerted by the storage regime upon the computed Qe, which is thereby opposite 

 in phase to the radiation balance, R, and shows a pronounced summer minimum 

 (cf. Fig. 18). A partial test of these results lies in whether the Qe derived from 

 the transfer formulas, independent of radiation or storage assumptions, shows 

 a similar seasonal profile. 



Transfer formula (21) was used to evaluate the latent heat flux Qe from 

 cHmatological data {Marine Atlas of the World, Atlantic Ocean. U.S. Navy, 

 1955) for a small sector of the Caribbean north of the Canal Zone. The data 

 were not adequate to calculate Qs, which was again assumed 10% Qe in the 



