160 



[chap. 4 



mass flow, which in the horizontal arises from c„, the average Cn around the 

 whole ellipse periphery. The vertical solid arrows result from the mean mass 

 descent computed by continuity from c„. The dashed arrows are the contribu- 

 tion to the respective horizontal fluxes from the "standing space eddy" terms. 

 Physically, these arise simply from the fact that the low-level divergence is 

 made up of a greater mass outflow at the western end of the ellipse than inflow 



c r + Agz 



Lq ft 

 1 54,000 



11,50 



0.07 

 Rod. -0 74 

 ■9 12 

 ■0 16 



Precip 030 

 1.80 I ? 



0.58 - 

 37- 



Precip. -0.30 

 1 1 016 



1000 



.178 



■0 09 

 Radiation loss 0.07 

 ■002 0, 



■1.43 



021 - 

 023- 



3400 



016 

 I div h =-0.86 



I div Lq = 1.41 



Fig. 30. Heat-energy budget of the atmosphere above the Caribbean ellipse by layers. 

 (After Colon, 1960, Fig. 18.) 



Vertical co-ordinate given in pressure units on left and height (approximate) units 

 on right. Sensible heat plus potential energy (h — CpT + Agz) terms on left; latent 

 heat (Lq) terms on right. When multiplied by 10^5 numbers in figure give fluxes in 

 cal/sec extrapolated for entire latitude belt 10°-20'^N. When multiplied by 5 x 10^3 

 they give in cal/sec Colon's actual results for Caribbean ellipse of svirface area 2.19 x 

 IQl^ cm2. Solid arrows give contribution of mean ageostrophic mass flow. Dashed 

 horizontal arrows give "standing" geostrophic eddy contribution. Upward directed 

 dotted arrows are residually computed fluxes required for balance, assumed due to 

 convection and turbulence. 



at the eastern end (net mass export by the lower trades) while the high-level 

 convergence comes from an opposite difference between inflow and outflow 

 (net mass import) in the upper westerlies. 



To complete the balances, radiation sinks are first apportioned between 

 layers. An important and physically reasonable confirmation of the entire 

 analysis results : first, the requirements in the lowest (surface to 900-mb) layer, 

 which is mostly below cloud base, are satisfied entirely by the Qs transfer from 



