SECT. 2] 



LARGE-SCALE INTERACTIONS 



261 



Mean Net Flu« Divergence 



of Water Vopor ond Heal 



over Japan Sea 



(03Z 20 Dec. 1954- I5Z 3 Jan. 1955) 



cal/g, day 



->- IO"'g/g of oir, day 



Fig. 78. Computation of net required heat and moisture source as a function of height 

 (pressure) for Japan Sea polygon. (After Manabe, 1957, Fig. 16.) SoUd lines show the 

 mean vertical distribution of horizontal net flux divergence of enthalpy {CpT) and latent 

 heat in water vapor. Surface values reduced to one-half that deduced from geostrophic 

 wind. Dashed lines show mean vertical distribution of individual increase of sensible 

 heat energy, h, and specific humidity, q. Heat source abscissa (upper) in cal/g per 

 day ; moisture source abscissa (lower) in 10"^ g/g of air per day. Turbulent -convective 

 fluxes through 500-mb surface assumed zero. Air trajectories assumed parallel to 6 

 isopleths at 500 mb, so dh/8t there due to radiation loss only; curve continued above 

 700 mb to this point by linear extrapolation. 



Table XXII 



Results of Atmospheric Energy-Budget Study for Cold Air Outburst in 

 Comparison with Two-Months Winter Average (after Manabe) 



Nature of 

 source or sink 



Outburst 



Dec. 20, 1954^Jan. 3, 1955, 



cal/cm2 per day 



Average for Jan .-Feb. 



1955, 



cal/cm^ per day 



Qs 



Qe 

 Ra 

 LP 



1030 



450 (7.5 mm) 



-93 



77 (1.3 mm) 



555 



340 (5.6 mm) 



-83 



118 (2.0 mm) 



