SECT. 2] LABGK-SCALE INTERACTIONS 263 



longer period winter-time average figures obtained by the same author (Manabe, 

 1958) by identical methods for the two months of January and February, 1955. 



It is seen that both sensible and latent heat transfers from sea to air are 

 enhanced during the outburst, particularly the former, which is then nearly 

 double the average winter figure. 



The budget results for several discrete periods are compared with computa- 

 tions from the transfer formulas in Fig. 79 and Table XXIII. Periods were 

 chosen in which no major cyclones or heavy precipitation took place in the 

 region, to minimize uncertainty in the LP term. 



Manabe (1957) used the coefficients of Jacobs in the transfer formulas. We 

 have repeated the computation in the last column in Table XXIII using 

 equation (21) instead; the latter, with its lower coefficient, plainly gives better 

 agreement with the budget study. The discrepancy in Qe should not be viewed 

 with great alarm, since the wind and low-level air data for the transfer formulas 

 were taken from coastal and island stations instead of ships. First, the anemo- 

 meter level is usually higher than that of ships' deck, and, secondly, it is likely 

 that some unrepresentative winds and perhaps also temperatures have been 

 introduced by the land effect. 



One of the main conclusions drawn by Manabe from his work concerns the 

 high value (2.3) of the ratio oiQsjQe obtained from the budget study compared 

 to that predicted by the Bowen ratio, y = {CplL)[{To — Ta)l{qo — Qa)] (equation 7, 

 page 105), which, as seen in Fig. 79c, averages more like unity. In view of the 

 high sea-air temperature difference, he concluded that the dominant role of 

 convective heat flow relative to shear flow invalidated the basic assumption of 

 the transfer formulas that the exchange process and eddy transfer coefficients 

 were identical for heat, moisture and momentum. While this is quite likely to 

 be the case in a polar air outbreak over the sea, and other authors have found 

 sensible heat fluxes around 1000 cal/cm^ per day in similar situations, we 

 believe that the uncertainty in the advective terms in the sensible heat budget 

 may have led to a sizable exaggeration of Qs in this study, and that, therefore, 

 the point is not yet settled beyond doubt. Repetition of these studies with 

 modern radio-wind soundings is much to be desired. 



In an attempt to place a sounder footing beneath his deduced transfers, 

 Manabe also made an oceanic heat budget for the Japan Sea, using equation (1) 

 in a manner similar to that of Colon. In so doing, he used for that sea an earlier 

 annual budget of Miyazaki (1949), introducing a computation for the storage 

 term S from oceanographic data published by the Japan Fishing Research 

 Laboratory (Figs. 80 and 81). The result is summarized in Table XXIV. 



The storage is in excellent agreement with the average of the winter results 

 of Patullo (1957) for the region. The sum Qe + Qs is almost exactly the same as 

 that deduced from the average winter atmospheric budget in Table XXIII, 

 although the time periods considered are somewhat different. 



Therefore, regardless of the uncertainties involved, it is clear that very large 

 transfers from sea to air of both sensible heat and water vapor occur when cold 

 air-masses pour off continents over the nearby warm ocean currents in winter. 



