662 MUNK [chap. 18 



uncertainty. The T phase had previously been identified, with the propagation 

 of a compressional wave in the deep sound channel of the oceans (the SOFAR 

 layer). 



The difficulty in the warning system may be a reflection of our lack of 

 knowledge of whether tsunamis accompanying earthquakes are the result of 

 vertical displacements along submarine faults, or of submarine slumping 

 induced by earthquakes. Gutenberg (1939) has argued for slumping, largely as 

 a result of the tsunami from the Atacama earthquake of 11 November, 1922, 

 for which the fault movement occurred inland. A similar instance occurred off 

 Suva, Fiji, in 1953, and the evidence presented by Houtz (1960) is quite con- 

 vincing. On the other hand, slumping in the Scripps Canyon, La Jolla, 

 California, produced no noticeable disturbance in the output of a tsunami 

 recorder only a few thousand feet distant. The relative role of slumping and 

 faulting needs to be studied further, but it seems likely that both processes are 

 capable of generating tsunamis. 



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J. Fluid Mech., 1, 86-96. 

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191-198. 

 Donn, W. L. and M. Ewing, 1956. Stokes' edge waves in Lalie Michigan. Science, 124, 



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