Contents 



PART I 



Page 



Preface ix 



Introduction xiii 



I. The Ocean 1 



A. The horizontal extent and the structure of the ocean 1 



1. Introduction, vertical structure of the total Earth 1 



2. The horizontal extent of the ocean and its boundaries 1 



3. Sea level and its variations. Chart datum 5 



B. The three-dimensional structure of the ocean 10 



1. Methods of recording deep-sea data 10 



2. The general morphology of the sea bottom 10 



3. Special characteristics of sea-bottom topography 18 



4. Arrangement of the general bottom topography of the individual 



oceans 27 



II. The Sea-water and its Physical and Chemical Properties 32 



1 . Collecting oceanographic samples 32 



2. Temperature determination for all layers of the ocean 34 



3. Salinity and its determination 36 



4. The density of sea-water and its dependence on temperature, salinity 



and pressure 41 



5. Vapour pressure, freezmg point, boiling point and osmotic pressure of 



sea-water 44 



6. Other physical properties of sea water 48 



7. The optical properties of sea water 51 



8. The chemistry of the sea 64 



III. Temperature in the Ocean , The Three-dimensional Temperature distribu- 8 8 



TION AND ITS VARIATION IN TiME 88 



1 . Heat sources, heat exchange and heat budget in the ocean 88 



2. Heat transport in the sea : absorption, conduction, thermo-haline and 



dynamic convection (turbulence) 94 



3. Diurnal and annual variation of the temperature in the ocean 109 



4. The vertical distribution of temperature in the ocean 1 1 7 



5. Temperature distribution in horizontal and vertical sections 140 



6. Mean vertically integrated temperature for individual oceans in zonal 



rings 



153 



IV. The Salinity of the Ocean, its Variation in Oceanic Space and in Time 1 54 



1 . Periodic and aperiodic variations of salinity 1 54 



2. The horizontal distribution of surface salinity 161 



3. The vertical distribution of salinity (in vertical profiles and sections) 165 



4. The horizontal distribution of salinity at particular depths 179 



5. Salinity in adjacent seas and sea straits 181 



