vi Contents 



Page 

 V. The Density of Water Masses in the Ocean, Vertical and Horizontal 



Density Distribution and its Stability 185 



1 . Diurnal and annual variations at the surface 1 85 



2. Density distribution at the surface of the ocean 1 87 



3. Vertical density distribution and horizontal charts for different depths 1 87 



4. Potential density and isentropic analysis 192 



5. The vertical equilibrium in the ocean and stabiUty 195 



6. The distribution of stability in the Atlantic Ocean 198 



VI. The [TIS] -relationship and its Connection w^th Mixing Processes and 



Large Water Masses 202 



1 . Temperature as a function of salinity and large water masses 202 



2. Practical significance of the [r5']-curve 203 



3. The [r^S] -curve and the mixing of water masses 204 



4. Further examples of the [TIS] -relationship 210 



5. The water masses of the oceans 216 



VJI. Evaporation from the Surface of the Sea and the Water Budget of the 



Earth 219 



1. Introduction 219 



2. Direct measurement of the evaporation on board ship and methods 



for obtaining corresponding values for the sea surface 220 



3. Meridional distribution of evaporation over the whole ocean and its 



determination from energy considerations 223 



4. Geophysical aspects of evaporation problem 226 



5. The water budget of the earth 231 



6. Energy budget between ocean and atmosphere for different oceans 



and oceanic regions 236 



VIII. Ice in the Sea 243 



1 . Formation and termmology of sea ice 243 



2. Physical and chemical properties of sea ice 245 



3. Ice conditions and their seasonal and aperiodic variations in Artie 



and Antartic regions 257 



4. Land ice in the sea 271 



5. Effect of Polar- ice conditions on the atmospheric and oceanic cir- 



culation 279 



Bibliography 285 



PART II 



DYNAMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 



Introduction 299 



IX. The Geophysical Structure of the Sea 301 



1. Introduction 301 



2. The distribution of gravity and gravity potential 301 



3. The field of mass 303 



4. The pressure field and its relationship to the mass fields; solenoids 304 



5. The dynamical method of preparation of oceanographic data 309 



