viii Contents 



Page 



XVI. Currents in a Strait 513 



1. Water stratification and water movements in sea straits 513 



2. Theory of currents in sea straits 517 



3. Ocean currents in individual sea straits 523 



4. External influences (bottom topography, tides) on the oceanographic 



conditions in sea straits 534 



5. Processes in estuaries (river mouths) 538 



XVII. Effect of Wind on the Mass Field and on the Density Current 544 



1 . A limited and stratified sea 544 



2. General conditions in the open ocean 547 



3. General relationships between wind and currents 550 



4. Velocity computations of oceanic surface currents in the equatorial 



regions from wind data 552 



XVIII. Basic Principles of the General Oceanic Circulation 556 



1. Introduction 556 



2. Oceanic sea surface currents 557 



3. Currents caused by excess of precipitation and run-off" over evaporation 572 



4. The thermo-haline circulation 574 



5. Wind effects and the current system in a hydographic circular vortex 576 



6. The influence of meridionally oriented coasts on the oceanic circulation 579 



XIX. The Tropospheric Circulation 592 



1 . The position and structure of the oceanic troposphere 592 



2. The tropospheric circulation of the tropical and subtropical oceans 594 



3. Other currents of the oceanic troposphere 606 



4. Upwelling phenomena 643 



5 . Processes at the polar boimdary of t he subtropical convergence region 656 



XX. The Stratospheric Circulation 661 



1. Introduction 661 



2. Polar currents of the northern hemisphere 662 



3. The processes which occur at the Antarctic convergence zone 669 



4. Dynamics of the Antarctic circumpolar current 673 



5. The Sub-Antarctic intermediate current 675 



6. The Polar bottom current 680 



7. The deep currents in the middle part of the oceanic stratosphere of 



individual oceans 683 



8. A survey of the water transports in the individual layers of the 



Atlantic Ocean 688 



9. TTie effect of the subtropical adjacent sea on the deep sea circulation 690 



XXI. The Main Features of the General Oceanic Circulation and their Phy- 

 sical Exploration 694 



1. The oceanic circulation in the Atlantic 694 



2. Summary of present individual theories and the prospects of a com- 



prehensive theory of the general circulation including the deep 



layers 696 



3. Model experiments on stationary planetary flow patterns 701 



4. The transient response of an ocean to a variable wind stress 702 



Bibliography 708 



Author Index 721 



Subject Index 725 



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