136 



II. INSTITUTIONS NOW ACTIVE 



A brief surve^r of the institutions in Europe that are nov; act- 

 ivelv concerned in one or another phase of ocean study may help to 

 Illustrate the variet-^^ and volume of the v;ork now being carried on 

 from them. A list^ recently published names upwards of VO of these 



1. Bull. 7. Section d' OceanocraphTque Conseil Internationale de 

 R echerches: _Unl^__Ge^esique et Geophysique Internationale in 1987. 



in European countries. 



A. INSTITUTION'S PKI!'"ARILY ECR RESEARCH 



These institutions are extremely diverse in their magnitudes 

 and in the fields to which their activities are directed. We might 

 first mention the Hydrographlc Services that are maintained by all 

 the Im-nortant maritime nations, which in general carry on the same 

 sorts of Investigations as do the United States Coast and Geodetic 

 Survey (Pagel34) and the United States Hydrographic Office, (Pagel28). 

 Rotable among these, for the extent to virhich they have advanced 

 scientific knowledge of the sea, in addition to performing m.ore 

 strictly iDractical duties, are the British Admiralty, the German 

 Marine Observatory (Deutsche Seewarte) , and the French and Russian 

 Hydrographic Services. The laboratories and offices of the Fisher- 

 ies Services of the different nations form another group, those of 

 Forwa--, Great Britain, Denmark, Germany, Holland, and France having 

 contributed greatlv to the theoretic problems of oceanic ^biology, as 

 v/ell as to those m.ore directly concerned with the fisheries. Sev- 

 eral European governments also m.aintain separate Hydrographic-biol- 

 oglcal establishments, expresslv for investigations into basic pro- 

 blems in marine biology and ocean physics: the Swedish H-rdrographic- 

 biological Commission, the Danish Gomraittee for the Exploration of 

 the Sea the Danish Biological Station, the Commission for the 

 Scientific Investigation of Gorman Seas, the Thala ssographic Instit- 

 ute of Finland, the Roval Thalassographic Committee with its several 

 branches In Italv, the Scientific Maritime Institute in Russia, and 

 the OceanoCTaphlc Station of Salammbo in Tunis, m.ake only a partial 

 list. These establishments correspond more nearly in the scope of 

 their activities, and in their organization to the Bloloolcal Board 

 of Canada than to any other scientific Institution in America. 



Independent or semi-independent oceanographical Institutions 

 which are not under government control form another natural group: 

 Here fall the Oceanographic Institute of Monaco which, during the 

 ilfetirae of the late Prince Albert I (and since tbon) has been one 

 of the most productive centers of activity in this field of science; 

 the Instltut fur i.ieereskunde of the University of Berlin, under 

 whose auspices the "Meteor" expedition was carried out: likewise, 

 the Geophysical Institute of Bergen, now an active center for ocean 

 d-mamlcs in particular. Several of the independent or university- 

 supported E,.iropean marine biological laboratories-^ also carry on re- 



1 — The~account of the Biologic Stations of .iUropo published by Ko- 

 fold in 1910 (Bull. 4 for 1910, I'/hole numxber 440 U. S. Bureau of 

 Education), Is still generally applicable, most of these stations 

 havino: survived the war. 



