150 



Chapter VII 



'^PINCIFL.^S T'"AT SHOULD T^ilTEPMpi:]] T^tE TYP2 OF OP- 

 GA^Ti7ATIGN FOP A-'I INSTITUTIO"' FOP OCEATIO- 

 OGRA^ir^ III EASTERN •JOPT'^ /^:EPICA. 



The degree to --■!- icli an ocornogrnphical institution, snpported 

 "by pnivnto fun'^.s, -voiild -^ctnall-" forvrard t^^e aims ontiined in chap- 

 ter\?I, would largel-^,^ depend on fbe details of its organization. It 

 is, therefore , v/ort'^ develo^-'inR t>~e principles on vvpich the latter 

 should he based, (a) as determining Its relations v/ith other in- 

 stitutions, nnd (h) as governing its own activities. The adminis- 

 trstive s^^-nte-is hy whic'^ these tvvo phases of its ectivltioF^ -vould 

 he controlled mo-^r ^ for convenience, he termed its external organi- 

 zation and its inte:i''n?l. 



I. EXTERNAL ORGAllI'iATION 



As the proposed institution would receive no financial support 

 from the government, its oxternnl organization would he determined 

 in thv; Pirst pl"C0 hy entire freedom from any governmental control, 

 and second, by the decision whether it 'vere to he added as a nov; 

 department to som.e existing institution, or ^vViether it "/ere to he 

 founded ns an independent entity. If t '• o first of t'-os? alterna- 

 tives wer^ decided upon, precedents would natural 17^ he soug-ht among 

 the semi-independent research, lahoratorios , ohsorva tori js , etc., 

 that are m.aintnined h^^ v^rjous universitlo's^j though some n :w admin- 

 istrative development would be needed, to insure that the institu- 

 tion should S'jrvc its prim.ar-'^ end of encouraging coopc^ration, and 

 to fTunrd agamst the danger of its becoming nothing n^orc than an 

 append-go of the larger body. The following discussion is bnsed on 

 the assumption of an ei^tirolv inden.jndent foundation. 



In an independent institution of this sort it v/ould be necess- 

 ary to h.ol d .I'usi- bnlsnce between two aim.s f~at might b^. sometim.es 

 conf lie tmg , ( 1) to uncourrge the closest cooperation ivth of'er 

 agencies engaged in oceanic research: hut (2), at th>„ sarnie timo to 

 insure tl'>> permanent independence of V-'.i institution, lest it event- 

 u-^lly become dominnted h-- so-t..' one universityj, or ,e;roup of universi- 

 ties. 



Jn considering f-'e a'"' vantages nnd disadvrntnccos of various 

 possible schemes of external organisation for an independent instit- 

 ution, o-«e would naturally turn, for -cossible models, to the exist- 

 ing establishments that now carry on i^arine investigation in various 

 countries, ^^'ere it not that the great ma.iorifc'^ of th^gp gj^e either 

 governmental bureaux, pure and simple, or at least are largel" sup- 

 ported h^' state .(grants, conseauently ar ^ more or less controlled b-"- 

 the state in their activities. Thus all f^e Fisheries Services and 

 Laboratories of f^e different maritime nations, a"i 1 their Ph^drogra- 

 phic Services, Naval Services, etc., are state estalilishraents . In 

 America this includes siich outstanding examples as the United States 

 Hydrogranhic Office, United States Coast Guard, United States Coast 

 and Geodetic Surve^", Pioloa:ical Board of Canada, U. S. Piireau of 

 Fisheries, Canadian Hydrographic Service, etc., it also includes all 



