152 



hec-.nse thev hnve been productive from t^-e ooeanographic standpoint, 

 or^^Mve been so successful from the inst itutionrJ , thnt various cf 

 the more recentl-' estnhlishod laboratories have been modeled upon 

 them. The first tvreo of those, it is true, h-vo derived the great- 

 er part of their cnnua], budgets from state grants. But the state 

 exorcises so little influence on their operation that they can be 

 fairlv termed independent, so fnr Ps the present discussion is con- 

 cerned. 



These indenendent institutions exemplify three different tyoes 

 of organization. Unti] the opo.ration of the Naples Station was in- 

 terrupted by the ^''ar,l it was not onl-'- r private institution, but 



1. Since the war the Nrples Station h-,s come under Tt-].ian Govern- 

 menta.l control. 



WQS ti-e property- of its director, the only restrictions beine those 

 under which' its site was granted to it by the Italian government. 

 It was also wholly free from official connection with any other in- 

 stitution, and escaped all the misfortune of beaurocratic control, 

 an annual report to the German Minister of foreign affairs bein- its 

 onl-'- externa" obligation, although it received grants from various 

 governments. Its international character was maintained (a} b-^^ the 

 so-called table s^'stem, w^^ereby institutions in various covintries 

 that subscribed toward the upkeep of the station, had the privilege 

 of sending investigators there, and (b) by two advisory committees, 

 a large and a small. 



A second type of organization is represented b-^^ endowed in- 

 stitutions, such as the Oceanop:raphic Institute of "Tonaco, and the 

 Carnegie Institution of 'Washington. T>-e form.er with its beautiful 

 ?'Tuseum_ and its Paris branch, draws its sup'-^ort entirely from the 

 endowm.ents left it hy the late Prince Albert I of Monaco. It is 

 controlled by a sm.alT administrative council of six, with an advis- 

 or7f com.mittee of 24 drawn from le-dinc- oceanographers of various 

 nations, of wi-^ic^^ Prince Albert was president un to his death. This 

 type of organization has been so successful, not onl-^ during the 

 life of the founder, but since his death, as evidenced b"^' the im- 

 portant oceanographic contributions appearing in three series of 

 publications of the Institute, that it deserves special considera- 

 tion. Its chief characteristic may be descriiied as efficiency re- 

 sulting from ownership •^:n''l control by a few capable hands, combined 

 with total independence of governments or other establishments, but 

 vrith contact maintained with outside interests through its -.dvisory 

 committee. 



