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a longer period of tune. However, many birds die before they are shipped, although survivorship 

 during shipping has improved in recent years. Mortality must be lowered in countries of origin 

 during the holding period. This can be acheived by better regulations for the care and holding 

 of birds to be exported, and by educating all involved in harvesting and holding birds. 



In conclusion, sustained harvesting can only achieve its purpose if robust bird populations 

 and habitat preservation result Sustainable harvesting of panots and other birds cannot 

 contribute to species or habitat conservation unless sound scientific information is available, 

 methods to regulate harvesting and trade are developed and enforced, and a diverse set of 

 sustainably-managed products are harvested simultaneously. 



ADDITIONAL READING 



Beissinger, S. R., and E. H. Bucher. 1992. Can parrots be conserved through sustainable 

 harvesting? BioScience 42:164-173. 



Beissinger, S. R., N. F. R. Snyder, S. R. Deirickson, F. C. James, and S. M. Lanyon. 1991. 

 International trade in live exotic birds creates a vast movement that must be halted. Auk 

 108:982-984. 



Thomsen, J. B., and T. A. Mulliken. 1992. Trade in neotropical psittacines and its consovatiQn 

 implications. Pages 221-239 in S. R. Beissinger and 



N. F.R-Snyder, eds.New World parrots in crisis: solutions from conservation biology. 

 Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 



