1G8 EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE 



find the temperature high enough so that the moisture cannot con- 

 dense. Now, of course Mr. Krause is located in Ontario, where the 

 winter is pretty cold, so the amount of packing which would prevent 

 condensation with us might not prevent it with him, and so the solu- 

 tion with Mr, Krause is more packing. That is, if the temperature 

 will stay in the neighborhood of 50 there will be no condensation; 

 moisture cannot condense. That is, any amount of moisture which 

 will be generated by the bees, and of course that is where it all comes 

 from, will be so small in quantity that a temperature of 50 will not 

 condense any of it and it will pass out as watery vapor. 



Now, through the severe cold weather last year we found a few 

 of our colonies showing frost at the entrance hole; that is, the moisture 

 came out that far as vapor, and then when it hit the cold air there 

 came a little frost around the edge, but even that is rather rare, because 

 the current of air coming out is usually quite warm. And we found 

 last winter, for example — we usually don't have very heavy snows in 

 Washington, it does not stay very long, but we did have some heavy- 

 snows last winter coming up over the entrances, and the warm air coming 

 out of that hole melted out a pocket in the snow and we had a cavity 

 there in front of the entrance, and when we went to examine them for 

 any disturbance to the colony itself, we found where this warm air 

 had come out. We did occasionally find a little frost upon the en- 

 trance. But if the packing is sufficient to keep the temperature in 

 the neighborhood of fifty degrees, Mr. Krause won't be troubled 

 with condensation. 



The President, — Is there any further discussion on this? Dr. 

 Phillips has kindly consented to answer any further questions in regard 

 to European foul brood. I see we have here on the desk a question 

 in regard to American foul brood. Now we will take a few minutes 

 for this discussion, then we will have the election of officers for the 

 ensuing year, and later if there is a sufficient number who are interested, 

 we will have a question box and further discussion. Has any one any 

 further question in regard to the European foul brood.? If not, we will 

 proceed to the election of officers. 



Mr. Smith. — Before that is passed entirely, I would like to ask 

 Dr. Phillips the best way of distinguishing between American and 

 European foul brood; that is, by the average, ordinary man who is not 

 a scientist. We have both kinds in and around Chicago, at least I 

 think we have, but we have what old bee-keepers, who have been 

 keeping bees, say is American foul brood, in fact that is very prevalent 

 all around Chicago within fifty or sixty miles, and it means a great 

 loss here, and I think it would be of advantage if we knew some way 

 of determining without sending to Washington whether we have 

 American or European foul brood. 



Dr. Philliis. — Mr. Chairman, perhaps the best way to answer 

 that question is to say that the preventive measures for European 

 foul brood are good bee-keeping methods, and if those are practiced 

 and there is still disease, it is probably American. Of course there are 

 certain distinguishing symptoms for American foul brood, very briefly 

 as follows : The "age of the larvae affected is a characteristic, in that 

 it almost all dies after sealing has occurred, and then the bees uncap 



