ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 



51 



force sufRciently large to gather that 

 surplus. 



■ He should be taught that it is not 

 necessary to. have a great force of con- 

 sumers all the time to gather that in- 

 finitesimal drib that does not pay for 

 the wear and tear on th.e machinery. 



They did/teach us that the Inspector 

 should. ■ "be a walking storehouse of 

 knowledge, ; but failed .6«|tirely to im- 

 part anj^ part of that knowledge that 



^would fit him for that great struggle 

 tB»t comes when he 'goes out and fits 



. himself agains.t that wise and some- 

 times contrary bee-keeper and" what 

 bee-keeper is not wise or contrary, or 



l30th. 



Some of the teaching was, to my 

 ' mind at least, decidedly rank,, for in- 

 stance, we were taught that the time 

 to inspect for European foul brood 

 ■was before the white clover harvest, 

 as it nearly on quite disappeared after 

 that time, when the fact is that the 

 ' very next day I found some of the 

 worst cases of European foul brood I 

 ever found in jny life, which would be 

 evidence enough that our teachers 

 were at fault, an-d it appears to me 

 ■• that I have found as much European 

 foul brood to the number of colonies 

 examined the after part of the season 

 as earlier. 



We were also taught that there was 

 scarcely any odor to European foul 

 iDrood, when to my mind it is the more 

 disagreeable of the two and any one 

 that thinks otherwise should go with 

 Mr. Kildow or me next summer one 

 week before the white clover season or 

 after, either, and I will assure him we 

 •can take from him that desire to be 

 continually sampling any and everj' 

 bit of honey he comes in contact with. 

 Now, in conclusion, let us avoid the 

 mistakes pointed out and make this 

 Convention such that each and every 

 bee-keeper in attendance will be bene- 

 fited by having been here. 



Fellow bee-keepers, I thank you. 



Mr. Pyles— Fellow bee-keepers, I had 

 intended to have this cause some dis- 

 cussion. 



President Baxter— The next number 

 on the program will be Dr. Phillips' 

 paper; he is here with us now. 



Dr. Phillips — I thought perhaps there 

 was not going to be a Convention this 

 year; at the State House they didn't 

 know anything about it but I finally 

 found you at the City Hall. 



The subject that has been assigned 

 to me at this time is: Outdoor Win- 

 tering. It is perhaps a little late for 

 anything that I may say to do much 

 good for this year; at least that is our 

 opinion of the situation because we 

 feel that whatever preparation is to be 

 made for outdoor wintering should be 

 made early; however, a man at Akron 

 said perhaps their memories were suf- 

 ficiently long to last a year. 



I should like to read this afternoon, 

 with certain modifications, parts of a 

 Bulletin we have recently issued, for 

 the purpose of driving' some of these 

 things home. 



I do not expect everybody to believe 

 everything I say but I would like 

 everybody to understand what we do 

 believe. 



I thought it was best to take ex- 

 tracts from this Bulletin on this oc- 

 casion. 



OUTDOOR WINTERING. 



(By Dr. E. P. Phillips, in Change of Bee 



Culture Investigations, Bureau of 



Entomology,' Washington, D. C. 



There was recently issued by the 

 United States Department of Agricul- 

 ture a Bulletin (Farmers' Bulletin No. 

 695) entitled "Outdoor Wintering of 

 Bees" by Mr. George S. Demuth and 

 myself. In presenting this important 

 subject to this meeting, I can do no 

 better than to give the material in- 

 cluded in this Bulletin, especially since 

 not all present have obtained this pub- 

 lication. It would have been pleasant 

 to prepare a special paper for your 

 Association but, since the essentials of 

 "the--subject have recently been out- 

 lined, it would be useless to attempt a 

 rearrangement simply for the sake of 

 assuming originality. I shall omit cer- 

 tain paragraphs of minor importance. 



This Bulletin contains a somewhat 

 unusual classification of the causes of 

 winter loss and I may say in advance 

 that I shall be glad ta explain any 

 points which have not been made 

 sufficiently clear 



Causes of Winter Loss. 



The causes of death of individual 

 bees or of a colony of bees in winter, 

 barring unusual accidents, are only 

 two in number: (1) Inadequate stores 

 and (2) excessive heat production. The 

 numerous factors usually given in the 

 literature on the subject as entirely 



-f ^■■' 



