place the hook, No. 2, in knife, where I wish the lower end 

 of the cut. Bear the hook in, and pull up slowly about five 

 inches, cutting only through the skin and tissue to the red 

 slick beef. Now draw the hinder flap of this cut back one 

 inch and then puncture the flesh and peritoneum with blade 

 4 on knife. Then insert my first fingers of both hands and 

 tear the flesh enough to admit my left hand. Then oil it 

 with carbolized oil and insert it, and feel just behind the 

 kidney, and I find the seed easily, unless I have overlooked 

 a No. 2 seed high in the groin outside, and very small To 

 remove it, or any ridgling bull's seed, pull and twist. It 

 should break off where the cord is small, five or six inches 

 long. The lip covers the rupture you make, and the air is 

 excluded by three or four stitches, only skin deep. 



You can alter ridgling hogs the same way, nicely and 

 safely, if they weigh over two hundred pounds, but shoats 

 of fifty pounds can be cut by using only two fingers in the 

 side like spaying shoats; but decide before you cut in on 

 which the side the seed is, by the testicle or scar on the side 

 opposite. On the large hog there is no difference about 

 sides, as the whole hand is inserted, and either is within 

 easy reach just behind the kidneys. 



To spay sows, I cut in the same place. On a sow of one 

 hundred pounds I cut on the left side, one inch forward of 

 and three inches below the hip bone. Just shave the hair 

 off clean, then split through the skin and fat, up and clown, 

 to the lean flesh, and pull the hind lip back, and puncture 

 to the bowels, but not into them, back of the cut, one inch. 

 Then introduce just two fingers on the left hand, ami bear 

 down in the hog s side, and wipe back on the loin with the 

 fingers to catch the ovary. Then remove it, and follow the 



