NATUEAL HISTOEY, TOEONTO 1 EEGION 



canadense) ; large flowered trillium (Trillium gran- 

 diflorum} ; hepatica (Hepatica triloba) ; cohosh 

 (Actaea rubra) ; false miterwort (Tiarella cordi- 

 folia) ; bishop's cap (Mitella diphylla) ; blue violet 

 (Viola cucullata) ; black snakeroot (Sanicula mary- 

 landica). 



A mixed broad-leaved-needle-leaved forest fre- 

 quently occurs on the flats and bases of slopes along 

 streams and lakes, and sometimes on low ridges ris- 

 ing above the pure broad-leaved forest. Hemlock is 

 the principal needle-leaved tree in these situations, 

 and while it may occur in greater proportion, it 

 usually forms about one-third of such stands. Sugar 

 maple and beech make up another third, while the 

 remaining members are yellow birch, balsam, bass- 

 wood, hop hornbeam, arbor vitae, black spruce and 

 white ash, in order of their abundance. The herba- 

 ceous flora does not differ essentially from that of 

 the pure broad-leaved forest. 



Another mixed type is to be found in the drained 

 swamps along the margins of slow-moving streams. 

 In composition it is about one-third each of arbor 

 vitae and black ash (Fraxinus nigra). The other 

 third consists of balsam, hemlock, yellow birch, black 

 spruce, maple, and elm. The herbaceous flora is a 

 mixture of that of the broad-leaved forest and that 

 of the coniferous swamp. 



Along the railways from Montreal to Toronto 

 forests of the types described above can be seen only 

 in patches, for they have been chiefly supplanted by 

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