304 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FARM 



galls to grow where they make punctures with their beaks. 

 On the new bark and on the leafy shoots, there are other 

 aphids feeding together in great colonies, gregariously. 

 These, though minute and inconspicuous in themselves, are 

 readily located on new shoots because of the crinkling they 

 cause the leaves to undergo. On an old neglected apple 

 tree, there are apt to be many minute scale-insects scattered 

 about, adherent to the bark of the green twigs. These are 

 very minute and inconspicuous creatures, that appear life- 

 less, indeed, but they are, by reason of the persistence of their 

 attack and their very rapid rate of increase, 

 among the worst enemies of the trees. 



Of caterpillars, there is a long succession 

 a ffl ^ H anc ^ a great variety to be found on the apple 

 tree. In spring, the tent-caterpillar spins its 

 huge webs conspicuously in the crotches 

 of the apple boughs. Though the tent-cater- 

 PIG. isi. Oyster- pillars will all be gone before midsummer 

 lppie SC ?wf g ? n aSd and a new growth will be replacing the leaves 

 eaten by them, their empty webs will still 

 be seen upon neglected trees. In their stead, two other 

 moth larvae, popularly known as the yellow-necked and the 

 red-humped caterpillars, may be found devastating the 

 foliage. Other lesser caterpillars that injure the leaves are 

 the bud-moth caterpillar, that works in opening buds, the 

 pistil-case-bearer that gnaws out little patches from 

 the surfaces of the leaf, and the apple-leaf-miner, that 

 lives within the leaf substance, making a trumpet-shaped 

 blotch of a mine between upper and lower epidermis. The 

 last two will be found by looking for spotted leaves that 

 have their margins uninjured. 



The fruit of the apple is the place of residence for three 

 insects of the sort shown in figure 6 on page 22. The larva 

 of the codling-moth is a caterpillar that works in the core of 

 the apple. The larva of the apple-curculio is a weevil that 



