i6 



of horses, including military, only increased from 3.8 to 

 4.3 millions, that is, 13 per cent., the number of cattle 

 from 17.5 to 20.6 millions, that is, 17 per cent., and the 

 number of sheep even fell from 13.5 to 7.7 millions. Con- 

 sidering that the raising of live stock is mainly the occupa- 

 tion of the small farmer and constitutes his chief source 

 of income, it is obvious that his business, except in the 

 pig-rearing branch, has not prospered much. It must, 

 moreover, be noticed that our statistical information does 

 not carry us further than the first year after the introduc- 

 tion of the new tariff. We shall have to wait for the next 

 census in order to be able to measure the full effect of the 

 "protective" duties on this particular branch of agri- 

 culture. 



It is thus evident that the German small farmer is, after 

 all, not such a happy creature as one is generally apt to 

 infer from the high prices which obtain in Germany for 

 agricultural and dairy produce. That branch of agricul- 

 ture which is prosperous is the one from which he is almost 

 entirely excluded, and those branches in which he is pre- 

 eminently engaged are not prosperous at all.* To these 

 disadvantages of a producer must be added the general 



* A striking corroboration of the arguments set out in the text is 

 contained in a pamphlet recently published by Baron Ferdinand von Pantz 

 on the effects of the Agrarian duties in Austria, another highly " protected " 

 country (" Die Hochschutzzollpolitik Hohenblums und der osterreichische 

 Bauernstand," Vienna, 1910). The author is himself a high Agrarian, and 

 the material contained in his pamphlet has been collected by the Austrian 

 Ministry of Agriculture. We quote the following conclusions of Baron 

 von Pantz from a review of his pamphlet in the " Frankfurter Zeitung " 

 of July 8, 1910 : 



" It can be safely assumed that farms below 5.75 hectares are nowhere 

 able to sell corn or similar agricultural produce. In districts less favourable 

 to agriculture, those situated in the mountains or covered with woods, the 

 area of farms which have to purchase their corn is still larger. Even 

 farms of the extent of 50 to 100 hectares are obliged to purchase quantities 

 of corn and of fodder. The author, therefore, comes to the conclusion 

 that between 90 and 95 per cent, of the Austrian peasantry have no interest 

 in the high corn prices, but are, on the contrary, often directly damaged 

 by them. The harm consists not only in the enhancement of the cost of 

 living, but also in the rise of the costs of cattle production. Cattle rearing 



