Geographical Distribution 367 



such as Cryptolopha, Corythocichla, furdinulus, Hemixus, 

 Cissa, Batrac/wstomus, are characteristic of this mountain 

 region, which corresponds in great manner to the 

 Cameroonian Sub-Region of the African continent. To 

 this Himalo-Malayan Sub-Region belong the mountains 

 of Ceylon and the hills of Southern India, and the affinity 

 of the Avifauna of the high mountains of the Malayan 

 Peninsula with that of Sikhim on the one hand, and with 

 Kina Balu and Dulit in N. W. Borneo, as well as the high 

 ranges of Sumatra and Java, has already been pointed out 

 by me, while the recent explorations of Mr. John White- 

 head in the mountains of many of the Philippine Islands 

 tend to prove that the higher regions of the latter have a 

 precisely similar Avifauna to that of Borneo, possessing 

 peculiar species of Horeites, Androphilus, Stoparola, 

 Turdinus, etc. The genus Androphilus was first described 

 by me from Kina Balu, where it was obtained by Mr. 

 John Whitehead, who has since discovered another allied 

 form, PseudotliarrJialeus, in the mountains of Luzon. 



So many of the ranges of the Himalo-Malayan Sub- 

 Region still remain to be explored that we may confidently 

 count on the discovery of many new species of birds which 

 will throw additional light on the Avifauna of this area, 

 but I fully expect that any new discoveries will but confirm 

 the character of this mountain Sub-Region as being an 

 outlying portion of the great Himalayan chain. It should 

 be noticed that in the Himalayas themselves there exists 

 a Palaearctic element at a great elevation, indicated by the 

 presence of Crossbills (Loxia) and a number of species of 

 Bullfinches (Pyrrhula), the latter being essentially a 

 Palaearctic form. It is, therefore, of the highest interest 

 that Mr. Whitehead discovered species of a Crossbill and 

 a Bullfinch in the high mountains of the island of Luzon 

 in the Philippines 



