INTRODUCTION. 161 



ledge which can be entitled ours, that is innate ; none but what 

 has been obtained from experience, or derived in some way 

 from our senses ; all knowledge, at all events, is examined by 

 these, approved by them, and finally presents itself to us 

 firmly grounded upon some pre-existing knowledge which we 

 possessed : because without memory there is no experience, 

 which is nothing else than reiterated memory; in like manner 

 memory cannot exist without endurance of the things perceived, 

 and the thing perceived cannot remain where it has never been. 

 The supreme dictator in philosophy again and elsewhere ex- 

 presses himself very elegantly in the same direction i 1 " All 

 men desire by nature to know; the evidence of this is the 

 pleasure they take in using their senses, among which the sight 

 is that which is particularly preferred, because this especially 

 serves us to acquire knowledge, and informs us of the greatest 

 number of differences. Nature, therefore, endowed animals 

 with sense ; some of them, however, have no memory from the 

 operations of their senses ; others, again, have memory ; and 

 this is the reason wherefore some are more intelligent, and 

 some more capable of receiving instruction than others, those, 

 namely, that want recollection. Some show discretion inde- 

 pendently of tuition : inasmuch as there are many that do not 

 hear, such as bees and others of the same kind. But all ani- 

 mals which along with memory have the faculty of hearing are 

 susceptible of education. Other creatures, again, live possessed 

 of fancy and memory, but they have little store of experience ; 

 the human kind, however, have both art and reasoning. Now 

 experience comes to man through memory ; for many memories 

 of the same thing have the force of a single experience : so 

 that experience appears to be almost identical with certain 

 kinds of art and science ; 2 and, indeed, men acquire both art 

 and science by experience : for experience, as Polus rightly 

 remarks, begets art, inexperience is waited on by accident." 



1 Metaph. lib. i, c. 1. * Plato in Gorgias. 



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