ON PARTURITION. 535 



facilitate birth is made cleai 1 from observations on oviparous ani- 

 mals; in tliese it is ascertained that the shell is broken through by 

 the foetus and not by the mother. Hence it is probable that in 

 viviparous animals also the greater part of delivery is due to 

 the foetus to its efforts, I mean, not to its gravity, as Fabricius 

 would have it. For what can gravity do in the case of quadru- 

 peds standing or sitting, or in the woman when lying down ? 

 Nor are the efforts of the foetus to get out, the result, as he 

 believes, of its own bulk or of that of the waters; the waters, it 

 is true, when the foetus is dead and decomposed, by their putrid 

 and acrimonious nature, stimulate the uterus to expel its con- 

 tents ; but it is the foetus itself which, with its head down- 

 wards, attacks the portals of the womb, opens them by its own 

 energies, and thus struggles into day. Wherefore a birth of 

 this kind is held the more speedy and fortunate ; " it is con- 

 trary to nature," says Pliny, 1 " for a child to be born with the 

 feet foremost ; hence those so born were called Agrippse, i. e. 

 born with difficulty" (segre parti), for in such the labour is 

 tedious and painful. Notwithstanding this, in cases of abor- 

 tion, or where the foetus is dead, or, in fact, when any difficulty 

 arises in the delivery so as to require manual aid, it is better 

 that the feet should come first; they act as a wedge on the 

 narrow uterine passages. Hence, when we chiefly depend upon 

 the foetus, as being lively and active, to accomplish delivery, we 

 must do our best that the head escape first; but if the business 

 is to be done by the uterus, it is advisable that the feet come 

 foremost. 



TV'e are able to observe in how great a degree the foetus con- 

 tributes to delivery, not only in birds, which, as I have said 

 above, break through the shell by their own powers, but also 

 in many other animals. All kinds of flies and butterflies pierce 

 the little membrane in which they lie concealed as "aureliae;" 

 the silkworm also, at its appointed time, softens by moistening, 

 and then eats through the silken bag which it had spun round 

 itself for protection, and makes its way out without any foreign 

 aid. In the same manner wasps, hornets, all insects in fact, 

 and fishes of every kind, are born by their own will and powers. 

 This can be best seen in the skate, fork-fish, lamprey, and the 



1 Lib. \ii, cap. 8. 



