384 



ZOOLOGY. 



The head of the sturgeon, garpike, and of other ganoid 

 fishes, is protected by solid dermal bones, and the shells of 

 turtles are dermal structures. 



The color of the skin of Vertebrates is due to pigment- 

 granules situated either in the epidermis or dermis, and in 



the chameleon they 

 are contained in special 

 sacs (chromatophores) 

 which are under the 

 control of the nervous 

 system. 



The muscular system 

 of Vertebrates arises 

 from the middle germ- 

 layer (mesoderm), and 

 in the germ the muscles 



spine on the scale.-After Owen. ' in part av i se from the 



primary segments indicated by the protovertebrae, while in 

 the adults of fishes and certain salamanders, the muscular 

 system is distinctly segmented, corresponding to the seg- 

 mentation of the ver- 

 tebral column, the 

 four lateral trunk- 

 muscles being divided -si 

 into a number of seg- JK 

 ments by tendinous 

 bands, which corre- 

 spond in number to 

 the vertebras (Gegeii- 

 baur). 



The eye in Verte- 

 brates in its develop- 

 mentalhistory belongs 

 to a different type of 

 structure from that of 

 any invertebrates, un 

 less it be the larval "a* 6 " 1 

 Ascidians, for in both types the eye is said by Gegenbaur not 

 to be directly developed from thft ectoderm, but from the 



. Cyloid scale of roach, magnified, seen in 

 , and from the surface, B. After Owen. 



