326 ZOOLOGY. 



though as observed by His, it does not contain any vertebra?, 

 and is thus not like the tail of other embryo mammals. The 

 black and Australian races are slightly nearer the apes than 

 civilized peoples. In apes, as in the lower mammals, the pel- 

 vis is higher than wide ; when there is a degradation in the 

 human pelvis it tends to become higher than wide, as seen in 

 the pelvis of the Hottentots. In civilized man the legs are 

 one half the height of the body, but in the South African, 

 Hottentot, and Bushman the legs are a little less than half 

 the height, and the thigh bone is flattened from side to side, 

 as in the gorilla. The waist is broader in the African than 

 in the European ; the os calcis is not longer in negroes than 

 in the white man, the larger heel of the former being simply 



due to an expansion of the 

 soft parts. 



The form of the skull va- 

 ries greatly in the different 

 races, and even in individ- 

 uals of the same race of 

 mankind. This is seen in 

 the difference of the facial 



sknii of a Negro, showtaglts angle. This is obtained by 

 pr 0g nathism.-AfterOwen. drawing a line from the 



occipital condyle along the floor of the nostrils, and inter- 

 secting it by a second, touching the most prominent parts 

 of the forehead and upper jaw ; the angle they make is 

 an index of the cranial capacity, and of the degree of in- 

 telligence of the individual. The facial angle in the reptiles 

 is very slight, as it is in the birds ; in the dog it is 20, in the 

 gorilla 40, in the Australian 85% in the civilized Caucasian 

 it averages 95, while the Greek sculptors adopted an ideal 

 angle of 100. (Owen.*) When the lower part of the face 

 protrudes, as in the negro, the face is said to be prognathous 

 (Fig. 538) ; where the facial angle is high, and the face 

 straight, as in the more intellectual forms, the cranium is 



* Pagensteclier states that the facial angle in the Caucasian Euro- 

 pean is 80-85, and even over 90 ; in the Mongolians 75-80 ; in 

 negroes 70-75 ; in the tribe of Makoias in South Africa 64 ; in the 

 tribe of Tikki-Tikki. or Akka negroes, the dwarfs described by 

 Schweinfurth, only 60. Allgemeine Zoologie, i., p. 250. 



