DEWBERRY: BLACKBERRY 161 



somewhat three-lobed ; laterals sub-sessile, oblique, ovate, 

 and may be somewhat bilobate ; unequally and coarsely 

 serrate. Autumn leaves purplish. 



Venation pinnate with about 6 pairs of strong 

 secondaries, nearly straight to the margin, where they 

 end in teeth, as do also the branches given off from 

 their outer sides. Secondaries about one-fifth the length 

 of the midrib apart, their outer branches conspicuous. 

 Tertiaries forming cross-ties. 



(/3) Prickles on shoots and leaves usually 

 recurved; shoots not glaucous. Leaflets 

 dark green above and pale or white 

 beneath, sometimes glandular. 



Rubus fruticosus, L. Though mostly 5-foliolate, there 

 are several varieties of Bramble with trifoliolate leaves, and 

 it frequently happens that leaves on the flowering shoots 

 have only such. See p. 168. 



[The apparently leafless Furze ( Ulex) and the similarly 

 spinescent Whin (Genista) belong to groups with typically 

 trifoliolate leaves, and such leaves are developed on seed- 

 lings (see p. 299). The lower leaves of the Elder may also 

 be trifoliolate.] 



(b) Pinnate leaves with at least 5 leaflets. 



(i) Leaves exstipulate. [For (ii) 



see p. 165.] 

 [Great care is sometimes necessary in deciding this 



point, since stipules are sometimes very minute, and often 



caducous, leaving scars so small as to be easily overlooked : 



exstipulate means that there are no stipules developed at 



all, but see Holly, Barberry and Mahonia.] 



(a) Leaves hard and very dark polished, 

 evergreen. Leaflets about 9, and spinose- 

 toothed. Small bush. 

 vv. rr. 11 



