256 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 



in the moisten valleys and ravines up to the region of the silver fir, at altitudes varying 

 between 2200 and 4300 feet. Small woods of walnut, undoubtedly wild,^ occur in 

 Bosnia and Servia, especially on the north slopes of mountains rich in springs. It 

 ascends in Herzegovina to 2400 feet, in southern Servia to 1400 feet, and in Albania 

 to 22(X5 feet. Velenovsky* considers it to be truly wild in the Rhodope mountains. 

 According to Radde* it occurs in the Caucasus, from the sea-level to 4500 feet 

 altitude ; also in Ghilan in North Persia. According to Meakin,* it is met with 

 wild in the mountains not far from Bokhara. There are wild specimens at Kew 

 from Armenia. According to Aitchison it is wild in Afghanistan, at 7000 to 9000 feet, 

 and also in the Kuram valley. It occurs in the temperate Himalayas and Ladak, 

 at altitudes of 3000 to 10,000 feet from Kashmir and Nubra eastward. Kurz met 

 with it in the Shan Hills in Burma. It is cultivated throughout China, and appears 

 to be indigenous in North China and Japan ;^ but other species of Juglans are 

 much commoner in the wild state throughout China and Japan. 



We are indebted to Sir W. Thiselton Dyer for the following : 



" The walnut found its western natural limit in Greece, but early made its way 

 into Italy. Its classical name Juglans is Jovis glans, but in poetry it is always Nux. 

 Virgil's ramos curvabit olentes hits off the acrid smell of the foliage. The nuts were 

 thrown at weddings, as Virgil tells us, sparge marite nuces, because, amongst other 

 reasons, Pliny says, they made the maximum of noise. 



" Relinquere nuces was to put away childish things : so Catullus, da nuces pueris 

 iners. The green rind enclosing the nut contains a dye used to darken the hair, the 

 viridi tincta cortice nucis of Tibullus, in modern times more often the skin." 



The walnut is extensively cultivated in France, Germany (except in the north 

 where it ripens fruit rarely), and throughout southern Europe. It is cultivated 

 chiefly in the region of the beech, as in Hungary up to 2160 feet, on the southern 

 slopes of the Alps up to 3800 feet, in the Vosges up to 2200 feet. In Norway it is 

 grown on the west coast as far north as Trondhjem, where it has reached a height 

 of 30 feet, and in very favourable summers ripens fruit. Many other localities are 

 mentioned by Schubeler, vol. ii. pp. 429-431. In Sweden it exists near Stockholm, 

 and in Scania, at Cimbrishamn (55 30'), Linnaeus measured, in 1749, a tree 60 feet 

 high. (A. H.) 



Propagation and Cultivation 



If the walnut is wanted as a fruit-bearing tree it is better to procure from a 

 nurseryman grafted or budded trees of some of the large-fruited, thin-shelled sorts, 

 which have been raised in France ; and which grow best in the south and east of 



' Beck von Mannagetta, Vegetationsverhdlt. Illyrischen Ldndern, 219 (1901). 



' Flora Bulgarica, 512 (1891). 



' Pflanunverbreitung in Kaukasusldndem, 170, 1 82. 



Russian Turkestan, 23 (1903). 



' It is included as a wild plant in Japan by Matsumura in Shokubutsu Mei-I, 155 (1895) : but Sargent in his Forest Flora 

 of Japan, p. 60, says, "It is occasionally cultivated in the neighbourhood of temples and as a fruit tree; but we saw no 

 evidence of its being anywhere indigenous, and it is probable that it was introduced from Northern China, where one form of 

 this tree apparently grows naturally." 



