Pinus 1 1 1 5 



developing. 1 This variety was first observed by Sir C. Lemon ; and in Loudon's 

 time there were numerous examples at Carclew, the largest being about 30 ft. high in 

 1837. It was reported to come true from seed. When Elwes visited Carclew in 1905 

 there was only one survivor to be found, a poor scrubby tree in a hedgerow, and 

 covered with ivy, a specimen from which shows the peculiarity in the position of 

 the cone. 



5. Hybrids 2 between this species and P. halepensis, twenty to forty years old, 

 obtained by sowing seed of trees of the former species at Mirabeau, Vaucluse, show 

 a grey bark like that of P. halepensts, and leaves 4 in. long, thinner than those of 

 P. Pinaster. 



Distribution 



The maritime pine is a native of the Mediterranean region, extending as far 

 eastward as Greece, and reaching the shores of the Atlantic in France and Portugal. 

 P. Pinaster and P. halepensis have a somewhat similar distribution, but they occur 

 on different soils, the former usually occupying siliceous sands, and the latter occurring 

 on limestone. The maritime pine is usually confined to the coast regions and islands, 

 seldom extending far inland. 



It forms extensive woods in western Portugal ; and in Spain, occurs in Galicia, 

 Estremadura, and the eastern parts of Granada. North of Gibraltar it grows in 

 mixture with A. Pinsapo on the Sierra de Bermeja, elsewhere forming scattered pure 

 woods of no great extent, the largest trees which I saw being about 10 ft. in girth. 



In France it is a native of Gascony, where small woods, called pignadas, 

 undoubtedly occur in the wild state ; but its natural area has been much increased 

 by plantations, the artificial forest of this species in the Landes between Bordeaux 

 and Bayonne being perhaps the most extensive ever created by the hand of man. 

 The total extent of the Pignada Landaise amounted in 1892 to 1,715,000 acres, 

 of which 1,600,000 acres belong to communes and private owners, the remainder 

 comprising the dunes on the coast, which cost the government immense sums in 

 various works. The total expenses of planting, road-making, etc., of the 1,600,000 

 acres is estimated to have been .2,100,000. The value of this forest was 

 ,8,200,000 in 1877, which had increased, according to Mr. Huffel, 3 to .18,000,000 

 in 1904, the annual revenue obtained by the sale of timber, turpentine, and resin 

 being ^560,000, or 7s. per acre. Recent improvements in transport, such as the 

 construction of light railways, have raised the annual returns considerably. The 

 greater part of this immense area has been planted subsequently to 1855, as m tnat 

 year the total area under P. Pinaster was only 50,000 acres. 



This species is also found 4 in the Mediterranean region of France, in the 



1 Masters, \x\ Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 237 (1892), says that he twice met with a similar condition in P. sylvestris. 



2 Pinus halepensi- Pinaster, Saporta, in Comptes Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, cix. 656 (1889). Cf. Ascherson and Graebner, 

 Syn. mitteleurop. Flora, i. 232 (1896). 



3 Economie Forestiere, i. 177 (1904). 



* Fliche and Grandeau, in Ann. Chimie et Physique, 383 (1 873), found that in Champagne it only throve on 

 sand, loam, or clay containing less than 0-35 per cent of carbonate of lime, and became stunted and died on chalk soils. 

 Yet it is frequent near Nice on limestone, according to Bunbury, Bot. Fragments, 7 (1883); and Mr. Tansley has lately 

 found it on the Riviera flourishing in mixture with P. halepensis, in soil which effervesced freely when acid was applied close 

 to the roots. 



