Pinus ri 43 



work that needs much application of the tool the yellow pine is therefore preferred. 

 On the other hand, where long lengths, hardness, and durability are required, con- 

 sumers employ the pitch pine. The Canadian red pine in consequence does not find 

 the ready market in Great Britain it deserves." 



Mayr gives a comparison between the wood of a tree of this species felled in 

 Dakota and a tree of P. sylvestris felled in Bavaria ; the latter had heavier wood with 

 less sap wood, but contained a less percentage of resin. (H. J. E.) 



PINUS THUNBERGII, Japanese Black Pine 



Pinus Thunbergii, Parlatore, in DC, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 388 (1868); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. 



(Bot.) xviii. 504 (1881), xxvi. 552 (1902), and xxxv. 629 (1904), and in Gard. Chron. xxiii. 



344, fig. 63 (1885) ; Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 69, t. v. f. 16, and t. vii. f. 1 (1890), and Fremdland. 



Wald- u. Parkbaume, 350(1906); Shirasawa, Icon. Forest. Japon, text n, t. i. ff. 15-29 (1899); 



Kent, Veitch's Man. Coniferm, 383 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. i. 55 (1909). 

 Pinus Massoniana, Siebold et Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 24, t. 113 (1844) (not Lambert). 



A tree, attaining in Japan 130 ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth. Bark greyish 

 brown, deeply fissured. Young branchlets glabrous, brown, with slightly raised 

 pulvini, bearing at their apices long lanceolate-acuminate fimbriated scale-leaves, 

 persisting during the first year, and leaving, when they fall, transverse projecting 

 ridges, roughening the older branchlets. Buds ovoid, cuspidate, \ to f in. long, 

 greyish white ; scales appressed and matted together by their fimbriated edges, and 

 ending in long subulate points. 



Leaves in pairs, persistent for three years, densely crowded on the branchlets, 

 more or less spreading, 3 to 4 in. long, rigid, twisted half a turn, so that the apices 

 of the two leaves in each cluster face each other by their outer surfaces, serrulate, 

 ending in a spine-like cartilaginous point, marked with numerous stomatic lines on 

 both surfaces ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath \ in. long, ending above in two long 

 filaments. 



Cones sub-terminal, spreading, clustered, on short stalks, ovoid-conic, about 

 z\ in. long ; scales oblong-cuneate, thin, concave laterally, with the concealed part 

 dark reddish brown on the outer and pale brown on the inner surface ; apophysis 

 thickened, rhomboidal, shining brown, upper edge irregular, depressed in the centre, 

 with numerous radial lines, transverse ridge slightly marked, umbo reddish brown or 

 white with resin, armed with a minute, often rudimentary prickle. Seed greyish or 

 brown, mottled with black, \ to \ in. long ; wing narrow, pale brown, about f in. long. 



This species, which is the representative of P. Laricio in Japan, is readily 

 distinguished by its remarkable white buds and rigid needles. The long filaments 

 of the basal sheaths are peculiar to this species and P. densiflora. 



Mayr describes ten varieties which are cultivated in Japanese gardens. In var. 

 monophylla the two leaves in the cluster coalesce. Forms of peculiar habit are 

 known, globose or pendulous, or with twisted stems. Var. aurea, in which the 



