INJURED BARK 59 



cedar, owing to their flat, horizontally arranged 

 branches, fare worst, though other species are 

 by no means exempt from injury. The brittle 

 nature of the wood of the Lebanon cedar also 

 renders it particularly liable to damage, while 

 the tufted and thickly foliaged branches of 

 the evergreen oak collect the snow, and suffer 

 greatly in consequence. The only remedy is 

 to shake the snow from the branches by means 

 of a wooden rake or long, forked pole work 

 that can only be extended to important trees 

 in park or avenue. Amongst forest trees the 

 Scotch pine and spruce suffer most, whilst 

 brittle-wooded hardwoods, such as the willow 

 and beech, are apt to get damaged during a 

 snow-storm. 



Both ice and hail are injurious to trees, 

 the former weighing down and breaking 

 the branches, especially when frost quickly 

 succeeds rain, while hail damages the osier 

 crop and sometimes young coppice plantations. 



Fires do serious damage to plantations all 

 over the country. Pine plantations growing 

 on sandy or gravelly soil and carpeted with 

 heather are most liable to be destroyed, though 



