ii4 TREE WOUNDS AND DISEASES 



severing the stem at a short distance above 

 ground level ; while with the hop and convol- 

 vulus total eradication is to be recommended. 



Trees growing in sheltered, seaside districts 

 are, perhaps, worse affected by the ivy, and in 

 a case at Penrhyn Castle, in Wales, whole 

 plantations had, at considerable cost, to be 

 cleared of this climber. 



The mistletoe is a frequent guest of the 

 apple, lime, poplar, and willow in this country, 

 and on the Continent it is found on the Scotch 

 pine and silver fir. Here, little damage can 

 be laid to the account of this parasitic plant, 

 though the lime and fruit trees suffer from its 

 attacks. On the Continent, however, the 

 timber of both the silver fir and Scotch pine 

 is, in some instances, rendered valueless for 

 constructive purposes owing to persistent at- 

 tacks of the mistletoe. The roots become 

 embedded in the wood to a depth of sometimes 

 six inches, thus rendering the timber valueless 

 for economic purposes. In the apple and lime 

 trees the part of the branch above the point 

 of attack often dies off. The following illus- 

 tration shows the damage to the timber of the 



