ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES 191 



it liable to have branches broken over, and 

 unless diseased is rarely uprooted. Cup-shake 

 is prevalent in the timber when the tree is 

 growing under peculiar circumstances as to 

 soil, situation, or exposure. 



Douglas Fir. This tree is apt to lose its 

 leading shoot in exposed situations. It is not 

 liable to attack from insect pests, though young 

 trees in the nursery border have been reported 

 as suffering from the presence of root fungus 

 and the pine leaf-shedding fungus. 



Elder. A hardy tree that bears exposure 

 well, and succeeds in maritime and smoky 

 situations. Suffers from canker, and is one of 

 the hosts of the " Jew's-ear " fungus. This, 

 however, is readily removed, and by dressing 

 wounds with tar a recurrence of the attack is 

 obviated. 



Elm trees suffer from the attacks of quite a 

 number of insects, notably the elm bark beetle 

 (Scolytus destructor) , which frequently kills out 

 specimens that are attacked. The insect 

 forms long galleries beneath the bark. Cut- 

 ting down and burning affected trees is the 

 best remedy. The elm is a comparatively soft 



