92 PLANTING. 



Ti-lar. See Tiller. 

 Tilar. See Tiller. 



Tiller, or Tel In r, a shoot selected for its superior strength and healthy 

 halm from tho-e produced hy a coppice-stool to stand for a timber-tree, 

 or for maiden bark, if an oak, to stand for the space of two or three falls. 

 Timber. When the wood of a stem or branch of any species of plant 

 to the dimensions of :M inches in circumference, or upwards of 

 eiii'ht inches in diameter, it is termed timber. Those plants whose wood 

 or but seldom, attains to the size now mentioned, come under the 

 denomination of shrubs or bushes, poles, &c. Hence the popular dis- 

 tinction between tree and shrub or bush. 



it may be proper to state the usual mode of determining the 

 quantity of timber in trees. The customary method of measuring timber 

 .'>//// the piece in the middle, i.e. from the butt-end or root to the 

 top, where it terminates, at :^4 inches in circumference. The mean be- 

 ;lu^e two points affords the nearest average of the circumference or 

 diameter. The fourth of this circumference, squared and multiplied by 

 the length, gives the contents. Thus suppose a stem or bole measures 

 inches in circumference, or 24 inches in diameter, and 15 feet in 

 length : then 7 5 ,, 4 = 1 S ,';, x lS-/^=2ft. 5.5 X length 15ft.= 36ft. 9.3 in. 

 But by taking \ of the circumference and twice the length, the result is 

 more accurate, thus ?:>/,, -^-5 = 15; then 15 X 15 X 30ft. =r 46ft. 10.6. 

 But it need hardly be remarked that neither the fourth nor the fifth of the 

 circumference can be used to determine accurately the cubic contents, 

 although in common practice the first is considered sufficiently so. The 

 : approach to the truth of the contents is to multiply the square of 

 the circumference of the stem by its length, and that multiplied by .07958 

 will crive the number representing the solid contents, thus 75 ,',, x 

 M x l.~>ft. = 47 1.5. Or square the diameter thus, 24 x 24 

 X .7851 X 15 = 47 1.5. But whatever mode of measurement and 

 calculation be adopted, an allowance must be made for the thickness 

 of the bark. Different species of trees differ much in this respect, and the 

 age of individuals of the same species differ likewise, according to the age 

 of the tree. It is customary in the oak, elm, and trees having a rough 

 bark, to deduct at the late of one inch for every foot of quarter girt, 

 , if the circumference is four feet, the quarter girt is one foot or 

 and the allowance for the bark will reduce it to 11 inches. 

 1 ian one foot quarter girt down to six inches, the allowance is made 



at the same rate, and so for any increase above the example quoted. 

 In ash, and other trees having a thin bark, the allowance is half an inch 

 for every foot of quarter girt. In Scotland, according to Mr. Monteath, 

 the rule is to allow lor bark two inches in circumference from 12 to 24 

 ; three inches in a circumference of from 24 to 36; from 36 to 48, 

 four inches ; from 48 to 72, five inches, and above 72 inches in circum- 

 ference, to deduct six inches. 



7 nh. The body or stem of a forest-tree. See Bole. 



-The pliant shoots of ha/el, ash, willow, &c., for 

 binding the spray and primings of trees into faggots, brooms, &c. See 



Bin 



