ABDOMINAL VISCERA IN MAN. 177 



or extended beneath the costal arch in 26 cases, or 65 per cent. 

 These were : — 



1 case at the margin of the ninth costal cartilage. 



5 cases extending beneath the ninth costal cartilage with an 



aggregate of the distances of 7'0 cm. beneath. 

 20 cases extending beneath the eighth costal cartilage with an 



aggregate of the distances of 30 "5 cm. beneath. 



In 14 cases the duodenum did not reach the costal arch, 

 namely : — 



In 11 cases it reached nearest the ninth costal cartilage, the 

 aggregate of the distances away from it being 24"5 cm. 



In 3 cases it reached nearest the eighth costal cartilage, the 

 aggregate of the distances away from it being 4-25 cm. 



These give 17 cases as regards the ninth costal cartilage and 

 23 cases for the eighth. Subtracting the + from the — in the 

 former 17 cases, the duodenum had an aggregate distance in 

 them of 17 cm. away from the costal margin as formed by the 

 ninth costal cartilage, or an average of 1 cm. in each case. 



Subtracting the — from the + in the cases of the eighth costal 

 cartilage, the duodenum had in the 23 cases an aggregate 

 distance beneath the costal arch of 26'25 cm., or rather more 

 than 1 cm. in each case. 



So that in the cases in which the duodenum did not reach 

 beneath the costal arch it averaged 1 cm. away from it 

 opposite the ninth costal cartilage ; and where it extended 

 beneath the arch it had an average distance of rather more 

 than 1 cm. beneath it opposite the eighth costal cartilage, giving 

 a final result that in the average the duodenum was '25 cm. 

 beneath the costal arch, opposite the eighth costal cartilage. 



Lowest Part of the Duodenum. — The lowest point of the 

 duodenum averaged 87 cm. belowj E.F. : 25 of the cases being 

 from 7 cm. to 10 cm. below E.F., inclusive. The lowest cases 

 were No. 39 (11 cm.). No. 15 (11-25 cm.), Nos. 7 and 13 

 (11-5 cm.), and No. 2 (12-5 cm.). These cases again are, speak- 

 ing generally, those in which there was a low position of the 

 stomach and liver. 



These cases in which the duodenum extended the shortest 

 distance below E.F. were case 5, 3 cm. below, and case 4, 4-75 

 cm. below They were clearly cases in which the duodenum, 



