292 PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER ADDISON. 



the lower part of the 5th intercostal space, and in the left lateral 

 line at the same level is the summit of the stomach. 



The right border of the liver practically attains its extreme 

 distance (11-4 cm.) from the middle line in the plane of E.F., 

 being at little interval to a line drawn vertically upwards from 

 the right anterior superior iliac spine. From the plane of E.F. 

 this border continues downwards for 3 inches to about the level 

 of the umbilicus, being situated far back in the abdomen. Its 

 precise position is 7'4 cm. below E.F., and it projects about 2 

 cm. below the right costal margin. 



The lovjer border in the middle line passes just above the 

 plane of E.F. (-2 cm.). In the right lateral line about an inch 

 below E.F., it usually presents a notch from which the gall- 

 bladder projects. The lower border of the liver in this line is 

 2-4 cm. below E.F. ; the tip of the gall-bladder being 3-7 cm. 

 below E.F. On reference to fig. 3, Part I., it will be seen that 

 the intersection of the right lateral line and E.F. represents the 

 outer border of the duodenum as it overlaps the right kidney 

 and the place where the neck of the gall-bladder is in con- 

 tact with the duodenum. Continued to the right beyond the 

 right lateral line, the lower border of the liver passes nearly 

 horizontally until near the costal margin, along which it turns 

 downwards to reach its lowest point. 



Relations. — The extent to which the liver overlaps the 

 stomach and the duodenum and its relation to those parts have 

 been already fully set forth. 



Fig. 3 shows that, in the average, the right costal margin, 

 from a level midway between E.F. and the infra-sternal notch 

 to a point 4 cm. outside the right lateral line, practically 

 represents the lower boundary of the hepatic surfaces of the 

 right supra-renal body and kidney. 



The relative levels of the liver and the right kidney will be 

 considered under the right kidney. 



It was particularly noticed in a large number of cases (the 

 number was not recorded) that the spigelian lobe of the liver 

 extended from outside, beneath the inferior vena cava for a 

 considerable distance, so as, in some cases, to make an almost 

 complete tunnel in the liver for the vessel. The average dis- 

 tance of the outer l)order of the inferior vena cava from the 



