ABDOMINAL VISCERA IN MAN. 293 



middle line at this place was 3"6 cm. (See Plate LII., Part 

 II.) 



Variations. — The upper border of the liver in the right lateral 

 line had an average position of 10*4 above E.F. There were 

 21 cases, or 52-5 per cent., in which the variation was from 9 to 

 12 cm. inclusive. There were 5 cases less than 8 cm. above 

 E.F., viz., cases 2, 7, H, 15, and 27. There were 7 cases more 

 than 12-5 cm. above E.F., viz., cases 4, 5, 40, 9, 10, 31, and 23. 



If we compare the position of the upper border of the liver 

 in these cases to the infra-sternal notch, it will be seen that 

 cases 15, 7, 2, and 27 were the lowest in regard to the notch. 

 Further, if we compare throughout the whole series of cases the 

 level of the upper border of the liver in the right lateral line, 

 both with regard to E.F. and the infra-sternal notch, and also 

 consider the upper border in the middle line with regard to the 

 infra-sternal notch (although this level is much less important, 

 as the part of the liver concerned is more movable), it will be 

 found that the cases of lowest position of the upper border of 

 the liver were Nos^ 15, 7, 2, 27, 16, 30, 22, 32, and 11. In cases 

 15, 22, and 27 the liver was displaced downwards, from intra- 

 thoracic causes. Finally, if we consider those cases in which 

 the lower border of the liver in the right lateral line extended 

 lowest down, we find that they are cases 15, 7, 22, 36, 2, 16, 24, 

 27, and 39. In the two groups of cases of the lowest positions 

 of the upper and lower borders of the liver, we find that out of 

 the 9 cases given in each, 6 cases are common to the two 

 groups. 



In a similar way, the livers occupying the highest positions 

 are found to be in cases 4, 5, 34, 9, 10, 23, 40, 37, 12, 31, and 21. 

 A large number of livers has been given in each .group for the 

 sake of comparison when the section on tlie right kidney is 

 reached. Kespecting the observation made of the unreliability 

 of the upper border of the liver in the middle line being any 

 indication of the general position of the upper border of the 

 liver further to the right because of the great variableness of 

 the part of the liver overlying the middle line both in size and 

 mobility, reference should be made to outlines 9 and 14. 



In many cases, such as Nos. 40, 4, 15, 16, 19, 22, 24, 34, and 

 39, the liver extended far over to the left across the stomach, 



VOL. XXXV. (N.S. vol. XV.) — APRIL 190L U 



