294 PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER ADDISON. 



in case 34 actually insinuating itself between the diaphragm 

 and the spleen. In 6 cases, or 15 per cent., the liver extended 

 as little as, or less than, 4 cm. to the left of the middle line. In 

 case 35 it barely crossed the middle line. 



The lateral variation of the right border of the liver in E.F. 

 was very small, 33 cases, or 82'5 per cent., being between 10 

 and 12"5 cm. The average was 11'4 cm. 



GaU-Bladdcr. — The lateral variations of the gall-bladder from 

 the right lateral line were not considerable. In 30 cases, or 75 

 per cent., the line passed through some part of the fundus of the 

 gall-bladder or within 1 cm. of its margin. In 8 of the cases, 

 Nos. 9, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 33, and 34, the lower extremity of 

 the gall-bladder was overlapped by liver substance to a varying 

 extent. 



In 3 cases, Nos. 15, 22, and 24, the gall-bladder extended on 

 to or within 1 cm. of the middle line. In all three instances 

 the liver extended very low down towards the middle line, and 

 would have been easily mapped out by superficial examination. 



The Eight Kidney. 



(Plates XXIII. and XXIV., Part III., and fig. 3, Part I.)— 

 Average Position. — The iqjiJer pole of the right kidney in the 

 average is situated a little interval to the right lateral line 

 3-4 cm. above E.F. ; the innermost point of its upper segment 

 is 3-9 cm. from the middle line, 1 cm. above E.F. ; the mid- 

 point of the hilus is -5 cm. interval to the lateral line 2 cm. 

 below E.F.; and the innermost point of its lower segment is 

 rather more than half a centimetre further from the middle line 

 than the corresponding point of the upper segment. 



The loioer pole is a little external to the right lateral line 7 

 cm. below E.F., that is, 25 cm. above the highest point of the 

 iliac crest, or 3-3 cm. above the umbilicus. Passing from above 

 downwards, the outer border reaches its extreme right of 9-8 cm. 

 from the middle line at 2 cm. below E.F. 



Speaking generally, the line E.F. passes transversely across 

 the kidney at the junction of its upper third with its lower two- 

 thirds, and the lateral line passes vertically at the junction of 

 the internal third with the outer two-thirds. From the point of 



