ABDO^HNAL VISCERA IN MAN. 



295 



intersection of E.F. and the right lateral line, in their average 

 position at the costal arch, the right kidney extended vertically 

 upwards for 3'4: cm. and transversely outwards for the same 

 distance, 



Varmtioiis. — In considering the variations in level of the 

 right kidney, the upper pole may be compared both with E.F. 

 and the first lumbar intervertebral disc. 



E.F. — The upper pole varied between 2 cm, and 4*5 cm. 

 inclusive above E.F. in 21 cases, or 52-5 per cent. In 8 cases it 

 was lower than this, the lowest being case 20 in which it was 

 on the plane of E.F. In 11 cases it was more than 4'5 cm. 

 above E.F.. the highest being 8 cm. in case 10. 



The Disc. — The average position of the upper pole of the right 

 kidney was 3*7 cm. above the first lumbar intervertebral disc. 

 In 7 cases it was 1 cm. above the disc or lower than this, down 

 to 1 cm. below in case 20. In 10 cases it was 5-5 cm. above the 

 disc up to 9 cm. above in case 10. 



The extreme variations in the level of the rig-ht kidnev in 

 regard to E.F. was therefore 8 cm. from the same level to 8 cm. 

 above, and in regard to the first lumbar intervertebral disc 

 10 cm. from 1 cm. below to 9 cm. above. 



The relative levels of the duodenum and the right kidnev 

 have been considered in Part III. 



The Liver. — The average distance vertically upwards between 

 the upper pole of the right kidney and the upper border of the 

 liver in the right lateral line was 7 cm. 



If we take this distance in the cases in which the liver was 

 lowest down and in those in which it was highest up, we get — 



