CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF THE BLAD- 

 DER AND URETER— EXTROVERSIO VESICA AND 

 APPARENT LOW IMPLANTATION OF THE URETER 

 END. By D. Berry Hart, M.D., F.R.C.P. Edin., Lecturer 

 on Midwifery and Diseases of Women, School of the Royal 

 Colleges, Edinlurgh, etc. (Plate XXXVII.) 



I WISH to consider more fully in this communication two com- 

 paratively rare malformations — extroversio vesicae and low im- 

 plantation of the apparent terminus of the ureter. I had 

 alluded to the nature of the former in the preceding paper, and 

 wish to elaborate that explanation more fully. The low im- 

 plantation of the ureteric end is much more uncommon than 

 extroversion of the bladder, and the explanation of its nature 

 also arises indirectly from the views expressed in the same paper 

 as to the fate of the lower segment of the Wolffian duct. 



I. Extroversio YEsiCiE and its Allied Lesions^^ 



The causation of extroversion of the bladder, from an embryo- 

 logical point of view, has attracted of late little attention in this 

 country, despite the able papers of Wood and of Champneys, and 

 the more recent work of Kolliker, Graf Spec, Lieberkiihn, Tour- 

 neux, Retterer, Keibel, and others. 



In prosecuting a research on the morphology of the urino- 

 genital tract, the question of extroversion of the bladder came 

 up, and as some obscure points seem to me to be cleared up by 

 my own work, I went into the matter more fully, and now wish 

 to give my results. The descriptions of the development of the 

 bladder current in British text-books have not sufficiently noted 

 more correct views, and this is an additional reason for a recon- 

 sideration of this subject. 



Through the kindness of Dr Champneys, of St Bartholomew's, 

 London, I obtained a coloured drawing of his valuable specimen. 

 To Professor MacEwan, of Dundee, I am greatly indebted for a 

 photograph and cast of a case in a young boy under his charge. 



