PATHOLOGY OF THE BLADDER AND URETER. 379 



- A full and accurate account of the other features of the 

 interesting case is given, but they do not call for remark at 

 present. 



Opitz has recently published a similar case. He does not 

 state, however, the relation to the vagina of the two ducts I 

 have considered, to be Wolffian. 



An interesting and analogous case in a male child has been 

 recently published by v. Steinblichel. Here there were also 

 two openings below the ureter as in Champneys' case, the 

 openings of the ejaculatory ducts. This confirms the view of 

 these openings I have taken in Champneys' case, and satisfies 

 the analogy I attempted to establish between the lower ends of 

 the ejaculatory ducts and that of the lower third of the vagina, 

 as well as the analogy between colliculus seminalis and hymen. 



Above the ureteric openings were two slits communicating 

 with malformed bowel, v. Steinbtichel discusses this carefully, 

 but an exact explanation of this special anomaly is difficult to 

 give. Many authors have drawn attention to the fact that 

 in extroversion of the bladder it looked as if there were two 

 halves separated. The apparent cause of this will be considered 

 afterwards. 



To understand such an interesting anomaly as extroversio 

 vesicae we must now consider 



2. The origin of the bladder and the anatomical relations of the 

 cloacal or anal memhrtne. 



The bladder is usually but erroneously described as originat- 

 ing entirely from the allantoic stalk — i.e., from the part of the 

 allantois supposed to be pelvic. Allen Thomson's diagram, 

 fig. 10, shews this view well. As the allantois is a diverticulum 

 or growth from the gut, and if there be no stage earlier than 

 what this diagram represents, it is an exceedingly good explana- 

 tion of bladder origin. It pictures the lower end of the allantois 

 coming off from the lower end of the gut in the pelvis, its lower 

 pelvic part forming the urinogenital sinus, the upper pelvic 

 part the bladder, and the uppermost part the urachus running 

 up in the abdominal wall to the navel. One often sees the 

 urachus like a narrow piece of tape in the abdominal wail during 



