396 DR R. W. SHUFELDT. 



traces among these are very distinct at the middle third of the 

 bone. Here they are so arranged as to give rise to a long slit- 

 like vacuity in AiJteiiodytes, which is closed-in in Spheniscus and 

 Eudypytes. My specimen of the last named is from the Falk- 

 land Islands. Professor Watson had before him one from the 

 same locality, in which he found the ramal vacuity open. In 

 all the species of the species and specimens of Penguins that I 

 have examined, there is another ramal foramen, however, that is 

 constantly present ; it is small, oval in outline, and found at the 

 middle of the posterior third of either limb of the jaw. Both 

 the internal and posterior angular processes of the mandible is 

 strongly developed in Spheniscus demerms ; less so in Uudyptes ; 

 while in Aptcnudytes p)ennantii, the posterior processes is scarcely 

 noticeable. According to Watson, in Pygosceles " the posterior 

 angular process is relatively less prominent than in Aptenodytes." 

 Doubtless, A. longirostris is here referred to, and the statement 

 is true ; but I find them practically absent in A. pennantii, and, 

 what is peculiar, moderately well developed in Sijlieniscus ininor. 

 A coracoid process seems to be universally absent among these 

 birds. 



The osseous skeleton of the tongue or the hyoid, hones of 

 several species of Penguin are at hand. In a very perfect 

 * hyoid ' of Spheniscus demersus, one is struck with the resem- 

 blance it has for the common fowl (Gallus hanJciva). In fact, 

 all the elements are practically identical. The glosso-hyal is 

 in cartilage; the cerato-hyals are but partially ossified ; while 

 the strong basi-branchials are fused into one piece ; the posterior 

 one being tipped with cartilage, and the anterior part of first 

 basi-branchial articulating in the usual manner with the carti- 

 laginous glosso-hyal. The conspicuously upturned epi-branchials 

 are separated upon either limb from the longer, straighter, and 

 stouter cerato-branchials by a cartilaginous interval, which 

 Watson says is present in all Penguins examined by him. 



As a whole, the skull is very slightly pneumatic in Spheniscus 

 and Uudyptes, while Aptenodytes p)ennaniii is better off in 

 this particular. 



Of the remainder of the Axial Skeleton. — This part of the 

 osseous system in Penguins is, as indeed is all the rest of their 

 bony structure, powerfully developed. 



