400 DR K. W, SHUFELDT. 



■with the breast bone, there are seven distinct depressions on 

 the lateral margin of the sternum." 



" In Pygosceles, moreover, the relative lengths of the middle 

 and external xiphoid processes exceed the middle process in 

 length, while in Pygosceles the central xiphoid process equals or 

 even exceeds that of the external processes " {P.eport on the 

 Spheniscidm, pp. 22, 23). 



In Spheniscus demersus the costal process is perforated by 

 a large foramen. 



Penguins have a scapula of a most unusual form, it being thin 

 and blade-like, besides being endowed with extraordinary width 

 and length. It varies somewhat in outline in the different 

 species; and in Spheniscus demersus, where the blade of the scapula 

 is larger than the keel of the sternum, it may exhibit one or two 

 elliptical foramina near its distal tip, usually, however, in full- 

 grown birds, only in the bone of one side or the other. Both 

 head and neck of the scapula is considerably flattened from 

 above downwards, and in >S'. minor the anterior moiety of the 

 bone has not more than one-third the width that the greatly 

 expanded hinder portion has. 



Watson gives us many figures and measurements of the sterna 

 and scapulae of the Penguins, and concludes by saying, " In short, 

 with regard to the scapulse, as to the sternum, there are two 

 extremes, represented by the genera A'ptenodytes and Pygosceles, 

 and two means, represented by the genera Eudyptes and 

 Spheniscus" {ibid., p. 26). 



As in the case of the scapula, the as furcula varies in form 

 somewhat in the different genera, but it is a good strong bone 

 in them all. Ap)tenodytes has it of a somewhat elongated U- 

 pattern; rather weak below, and devoid of hypocleidium, but 

 becoming progressively stouter as it nears the coraco-scapular 

 articulations above. These clavicular limbs are much com- 

 pressed from side to side, and are each drawn out into a point 

 after passing the coracoid articulation when the bones are in 

 situ. Either clavicular limb develops an outstanding abut- 

 ment, with facet for articulation with the produced head of the 

 corresponding coracoid, while its distal apex articulates with 

 the antero-internal angle of the head of the scapula. 



All Pentiuins have the coracoids of great size and strength. 



