crowded together in bunches, but 

 of all we have seen rows after 

 which were planted just right. 

 .Most of these rows are now ready 

 to be thinned. At the first thinning 

 the largest plants about one 

 Inch apart If some portion of the 

 If vacant, transplant the plants 

 Ihiuueci out. Later the plants should 

 n again to their final dis- 

 tance. Thin as follows: Carrots 



3 to 4 inches, lettuce (head) 6 to 8 

 Inches, onions, 3 to 4 inches, peas, 



4 Inches, be< ts, 3 to 4 inches radish, 

 :: inches, or thin as used. 



* • • 



HARD PAN AND IRRIGATION 



Hard pan is a layer of earth just 

 below cultivation which is often im- 

 penetrate hard pan. It is most abund- 

 * is in summer, particularly late sum- 

 mer. When abundant, irrigation may 

 be of no value since wat erdpes not 

 penetrate hard pan. It is^ttwrabund- 

 ant In clayey soils and when the Ir- 

 rigating water contains much lime. 



As the water seeps into the soil 



the lime is carried with it and it 



cements the particles of clay to- 



r as the water is used or is lost 



through evaporation. 



To prevent the formation of hard 

 pan the ground should be cultivated 

 at different depths so as to contiun- 

 ally break up the forming layers. 

 Humus mixed in the soil will often 

 as a preventive. 



PROBLEM QUESTIONS 

 Experiment I 

 Of what is soil composed? 

 h iU an ordinary bottle one fourth 

 full of garden soil. Add water until 

 the bottle is n« arty full. Shake it 

 thoroughly and set aside. Ot> 

 24 hours later. 



Experiment II 

 In which is capillary rise of water 

 1. sand or clay? 

 or the small ends of two lamp 

 chimneys with cloth. Fill one with 

 and the other with clay. Stand 

 each in a shallow pan of water. Ob- 

 serve results. The tubes should be 

 a; !• ast 1 ! inch* s long. 

 • » * 

 MAKING THE ROWS 



I find that many of the young 

 gardeners have difficulty in proper- 

 ly laying out the rows of the plot. 

 We all want to have the g:c 

 look nice, as well as to have them 

 planted right We may have the 

 bed well pulv< rized and free 



from clods, but if the rows when 

 planted are not straight, but crook- 

 ed and zig zag, the appearam 

 the garden will not be sat 

 So you had better take a little time 

 to plan out what you are goin 

 ao, and how you are going to do it, 

 before you sowing the seeds. 



Suppose you plan to ha 

 rows in the garden. The first think' 

 to do after you have the soil in good 

 shape is to mark the garden at one 

 end with seven equally spaced lines, 

 so that you will have room for all 

 and not crowd some rows while <>th- 

 ers are very wide apart. Be sure 

 to leave enough room between the 

 rows for cultivating with the hoe 



Having determined the spa 

 take the handle of the hoe or a 

 piece of string and measure 

 ance from the white stake to the 

 (Lark where you have indicated the 

 first row is to go. Tak<- that meas- 

 ure to the opposite side of the gar- 

 den and mark off an equal distance 

 from the white stake on that side. 

 Now lay the handle of the hoe so 

 as to connect these two marks made 

 and press down on it. You then 

 have a straight line to guide you in 

 making the furrow. Do the same 

 thing with the second row, and the 

 rest. You will find your lints not 

 only e\e; ! d on the gat 



out they will be straight and parallel, 

 and the appearance of your garden 

 will be inert ased wonderfully. 



A. H. BAIRD, 

 Student Tea< 

 * * * 



NATIONAL FORESTS 



If you have read tie- preceding 

 article you may wish to know more 

 about the national for These 



are tracts of timber land set aside 

 and controlled by ''><• astl 

 ernment. Th< '0,000 



acres of national forests in the 

 ed States. 



The government does not lock up 

 the usefulnesa of th«s<> acres but 

 controls them wisely to prevent use- 

 wiste of the trees. 



Trees of certain sizes are sold to 

 lumbermen at reasonable prices. Cat- 

 tle are al' K raz e * n th ' 

 ests. Each settler has an equal 

 chance, no one man can 

 forests for his own selfish use 

 erally speaking, the forests 

 the most useful to all the people 

 rather than to a few. 



The government hires special 

 watchmen to patrol the na 

 forests to see (1) that forest DreS 



