GRAZING IN THE FOREST. 69 



found iii Part II of this primer, together with some 

 consideration of the most effective remedy, which is 

 found in conservative ways of handling the forest, 

 that is, in forest management. 



GRAZING IN THE FOREST. 



Whether grazing animals are comparatively harmless 

 to the forest or among its most dangerous enemies 



FIG. 64. A band of sheep passing through the forest. These sheep were being 

 heided illegally in a forest reserve. Eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains 

 near Badger Lake, Wasco County, Oregon. 



depends on the age and character of the woods as well 

 as upon the kind of animals that graze. A young forest 

 is always more exposed to such injury than an old one, 

 and steep slopes are more subject to damage than more 

 level ground. Whether the young trees are conifers, 

 and so more likely to suffer from trampling than from 



