THIRD-PARTY IDEOLOGIES 347 



manipulations by speculators. "Farmers generally were disquieted with 

 the failure of both parties to offer constructive remedies, but this disgust 

 did not extend to La Follette and Elaine, even though they did not at the 

 moment offer much more. The farmers were satisfied that their hearts 

 were in the right place." 1 



In the neighboring state of Minnesota the forces of the Nonpartisan 

 League, the influence of La Follette, low returns for farmers, and the 

 support of organized labor helped to unseat Frank B. Kellogg, a Repub- 

 lican, and elect Henrik Shipstead on a Farmer-Labor ticket. Kellogg once 

 had been a Roosevelt "trust buster" of sorts, but since then had become 

 a lawyer of national reputation, having among his clients the steel, milling, 

 and lumber interests, which, of course, were no asset to him politically. 

 Kellogg also made the mistake of traveling about in a Pierce Arrow with 

 a chauffeur. From 1920 to 1922 he tried to play the "re-election game" by 

 joining the farm bloc and supporting demands that were popular with 

 the farmers. 



But in 1922 the home-grown radicalism of Shipstead had greater appeal. 

 While Kellogg covered the country in his Pierce Arrow, Shipstead made 

 the rounds in a Ford. Instead of speaking from behind floodlights, he 

 spoke to crowds of picnic-goers. Farm people, who were accustomed to 

 the continental Sunday, had the habit of going to church in the morning 

 and holding picnics in the afternoon. Shipstead made political capital of 

 this. He attended them, spoke to the farmers on serious economic ques- 

 tions, and passed the hat around "for tires and gasoline." From the start, 

 the antiwar vote was inclined toward him, but it was surely delivered to 

 him by La Follette, who invaded the state to campaign for him after he 

 himself had been assured of the Republican nomination in Wisconsin. 

 Shipstead, in so far as the antiwar elements were concerned, had a good 

 war record, not because of what he had done but because he was affiliated 

 with the League and had had his house painted yellow during the war. 12 



The tide against Kellogg was irresistible. Capper had come into Minne- 

 sota to campaign for him and antagonized the progressives because of it. 

 Vice-President Calvin Coolidge also entered the state in his behalf and 



11. Rowell, in World's Wor\, XL VI (August, 1923), pp. 409-12; Chicago Dally 

 News Almanac and Yearboo\, 1923, p. 731; The New International Year Eoo\, 

 1920, p. 758. 



12. Rowell, in World's Wor\, XL VI (August, 1923), pp. 416-17. 



