INTRODUCTION. XXIX 



and tlie inferences to be derived from them. Biblio- 

 graphical references and lists of the plants most fre- 

 quently affected with particular malformations are also 

 given. In reference to both these points it must be 

 remembered that absolute complsteness is not aimed 

 at ; had such fullness of detail been possible of attain- 

 ment it would have necessitated for its publication a 

 much larger volume than the present.^ It is hoped 

 that both the lists of books and of plants are sufficiently 

 full for all general purposes.^ 



In the enumeration of plants affected with various 

 malformations the ! denotes that the writer has himself 

 seen examples of the deviation in question in the par- 

 ticular plant named, while the prefix of the * indi- 

 cates that the malformation occurs with special fre- 

 quency in the particular plant to which the sign is 

 attached. 



Teratological alterations are rarely isolated pheno- 

 mena, far more generally they are associated with other 

 and often compensatory changes. Hence it is often 

 necessary, in studying any given malformation, to refer 

 to two or more subdivisions, and in this way a certain 

 amount of repetition becomes unavoidable. The details 



* In the memoirs of Hopkirk, Kirschleger, Cramer, Hallier, and 

 others, malformations are arranged primarily according to the organs 

 aflFected, an arrangement which has only convenience to justify it. It is 

 hoped that the index and the headings to the paragi*aphs in the present 

 volume will suit the convenience of the reader as well as if the more 

 artificial plan just alluded to had been adopted. 



' Cryptogamous plants are only incidentally alluded to in these 

 pages, owing to their wide difiference in structure from flowering plants. 

 Attention may, also, here be called to a paper of M. de Seynes in a 

 recent number of the Bulletin of the Botanical Society of France, 

 vol. xiv, p. 290, tab. 5 et 6, in which numerous cases of malformation 

 among agarics are recorded. See also same publication, vol. iv, p. 744 ; 

 vol. V, p. 211 ; vol. vi, p. 496. 



