70 INDEPENDENCE OE SEPARATION OF ORGANS. 



Dialysis of the margins of individual foliar organs. In cases 

 wliere the leaf or leaf-like organ is ordinarily tubular 

 or liorn-like in form, o\ving to the cohesion of its edges, 

 it may happen either from lack of union or from actual 

 separation of the previously united edges, that the 

 tubular shape is replaced by the ordinary flattened 

 expansion. Thus, in Eranthis hy emails, wherein the 

 petals (nectaries) are tubular and the sepals flat, I 

 have met with numerous instances of transition from 

 the one form to the other j, as shown in fig. 9, p. 24. 



It is, however, in the carpels that this separation 

 occurs most frequently. When these organs appear 

 under the guise of leaves, as they often do, their margins 

 are disunited, so that the carpel becomes flat or 

 open. This happens in the strawberry {Frag aria), the 

 columbine {Aquilegia), in Trifolium repens, Banun- 

 culus Ficaria, &c.^ 



Dialysis of the parts of the same whorl : calyx. The separa- 

 tion of an ordinarily coherent series into its constituent 

 parts is necessarily of more common occurrence than 

 the foregoing. As here understood, it is the precise 

 converse of cohesion, and it may be represented dia- 

 grammatically by a dotted line above the letters 

 denoting the sepals, petals, &c. When this change 

 happens in the calyx we have the gamosepalous con- 

 dition replaced by the polysepalous one, as thus 

 represented : 



s 

 instead of 



s s s 



as in a calyx of five coherent sepals. 



Detachment of this kind occurs not unfrequently, as 



in Primula vuhjaris, Trifolium rcpens, &c. In Rosaceoe 



and Pomacece this separation of the calyx is of the more 



moment, as it has reference to the structure of the 



Masters iu Seemaun'8 ' Journal of Botany,' 1867, p. 158. 



