74 INDEPENDENCE OR SEPARATION OF ORGANS. 



styles, three stigmas, (fee, witliout any other change. 

 Engelmann^ speaks of three classes of this malformation. 

 1st, th[it in whicli the carpels separate one from the 

 other without opening, as in the lily just alluded to ; 

 2nd, that in which the ovary remains closed, but loses 

 its internal partitions, as in a case mentioned by 

 Moquin in Stachys sylvatica, in which, owing to im- 

 perfect disjunction, the two bi-lobed carpels were 

 changed into a nearly one-celled capsule;^ and ord, 

 those cases in which the carpels are open and foliaceous. 

 Disjunction is more frequent in dry fruits than in 

 fleshy ones. In the latter instance it happens at an early 

 stage of existence, and the pericarp becomes more or less 

 leafy, losing its faculty of becoming fleshy, as in Primus 

 Cerasus and Amijgdalus ijersica ; nevertheless, fleshy 

 fruits sometimes become disunited. I have seen a 

 case similar to that mentioned by M. Alphonse de 

 Candolle in Solammi eseuJentum, in which the pericarp 

 became ruptured, and the placentas protruded. A 

 like occurrence has also been observed in a species of 

 Melastoma.^ This is analogous to what happens in 

 CaulophyUinn and Slateria. Disjunction of the carpels 



Fig. 32. Anomalous form of orange. 



* 'De Anthol.,'p. 37. 



' Moquin, loc. cit., p. 305. 

 ' Neuc Denkscbr. der Allg. Schweiz. Gesell.,' band v, pi. ii. p. 5. 



